Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skeldaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *skeldʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, to shout, to sound”) with a s-mobile.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskel.dɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skeldaną

1. to scold

Conjugation

Conjugation of *skeldaną (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skeldō	*skeldaų	—	*skeldai	?
2nd singular	*skildizi	*skeldaiz	*skeld	*skeldazai	*skeldaizau
3rd singular	*skildidi	*skeldai	*skeldadau	*skeldadai	*skeldaidau
1st dual	*skeldōz	*skeldaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skeldadiz	*skeldaidiz	*skeldadiz	—	—
1st plural	*skeldamaz	*skeldaim	—	*skeldandai	*skeldaindau
2nd plural	*skildid	*skeldaid	*skildid	*skeldandai	*skeldaindau
3rd plural	*skeldandi	*skeldain	*skeldandau	*skeldandai	*skeldaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skald	*skuldį̄
2nd singular	*skalst	*skuldīz
3rd singular	*skald	*skuldī
1st dual	*skuldū	*skuldīw
2nd dual	*skuldudiz	*skuldīdiz
1st plural	*skuldum	*skuldīm
2nd plural	*skuldud	*skuldīd
3rd plural	*skuldun	*skuldīn
	present	past
participles	*skeldandz	*skuldanaz

Derived terms

• *skaldą

Descendants

• Old Frisian: skelda
  • Saterland Frisian: skeelde
  • West Frisian: skelle
• Old Saxon: *skeldan (attested in skeldāri)
  • Middle Low German: schelden
    • German Low German: schellen
• Old Dutch: skeldan
  • Middle Dutch: schelden
    • Dutch: schelden
      • Afrikaans: skel
• Old High German: skeltan
  • Middle High German: schelten
    • German: schelten