Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skamāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *skamō (“shame”) +‎ *-āną.

Verb

*skamāną^[1]^[2]

to be ashamed

Inflection

Conjugation of *skamāną (weak class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*skamō	?	—	?	?
2nd singular	*skamaisi	?	*skamai	*skamāsai	?
3rd singular	*skamaiþi	?	*skamāþau	*skamāþai	?
1st dual	*skamōs	?	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skamāþiz	?	*skamāþiz	—	—
1st plural	*skamāmaz	?	—	*skamānþai	?
2nd plural	*skamaiþ	?	*skamaiþ	*skamānþai	?
3rd plural	*skamānþi	?	*skamānþau	*skamānþai	?

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skamadǭ	*skamadēdį̄
2nd singular	*skamadēz	*skamadēdīz
3rd singular	*skamadē	*skamadēdī
1st dual	*skamadēdū	*skamadēdīw
2nd dual	*skamadēdudiz	*skamadēdīdiz
1st plural	*skamadēdum	*skamadēdīm
2nd plural	*skamadēdud	*skamadēdīd
3rd plural	*skamadēdun	*skamadēdīn

	present	past
participles	*skamāndz	*skamadaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *skamēn
- Old English: sċamian
  - Middle English: schamen
    - English: shame
- Old Frisian: skamia
- Old Dutch: scamon
  - Middle Dutch: schāmen
    - Dutch: schamen
      - Afrikaans: skaam
- Old High German: scamēn, scamōn
  - German: schämen
  - Bavarian: schaman
Old Norse: skamma
- Danish: skamme
- Icelandic: skamma
- Norwegian Bokmål: skamme
Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽 (skaman)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skamō”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 439/440: “*skamēn-”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skamēnan ~ skamōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 333

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skamō”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 439/440: “*skamēn-”

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skamēnan ~ skamōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 333

[1]

[2]