Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skaþōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *skaþô (“injury, harm, damage”) +‎ *-ōną.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈskɑ.θɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skaþōną

to injure, harm, damage

Inflection

Conjugation of *skaþōną (weak class 2)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*skaþō	*skaþǭ	—	*skaþōi	?
2nd singular	*skaþōsi	*skaþōs	*skaþō	*skaþōsai	*skaþōsau
3rd singular	*skaþōþi	*skaþō	*skaþōþau	*skaþōþai	*skaþōþau
1st dual	*skaþōs	*skaþōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skaþōþiz	*skaþōþiz	*skaþōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*skaþōmaz	*skaþōm	—	*skaþōnþai	*skaþōnþau
2nd plural	*skaþōþ	*skaþōþ	*skaþōþ	*skaþōnþai	*skaþōnþau
3rd plural	*skaþōnþi	*skaþōn	*skaþōnþau	*skaþōnþai	*skaþōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skaþōdǭ	*skaþōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*skaþōdēz	*skaþōdēdīz
3rd singular	*skaþōdē	*skaþōdēdī
1st dual	*skaþōdēdū	*skaþōdēdīw
2nd dual	*skaþōdēdudiz	*skaþōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*skaþōdēdum	*skaþōdēdīm
2nd plural	*skaþōdēdud	*skaþōdēdīd
3rd plural	*skaþōdēdun	*skaþōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*skaþōndz	*skaþōdaz

Derived terms

*skaþulaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *skaþōn
- Old English: sċeaþian
  - Middle English: scathen, skathen
    - Scots: scathe, skaith
    - English: scathe
- Old Frisian: skathia
  - Saterland Frisian: schoadje
  - West Frisian: skeadzje
- Old Saxon: skathōn
  - Middle Low German: schāden
    - Low German: schaden
- Old Dutch: scathōn
  - Middle Dutch: schāden
    - Dutch: schaden
      - Afrikaans: skaad
- Old High German: scadōn
  - Middle High German: schaden
    - Alemannic German: schade
    - German: schaden
    - Luxembourgish: schueden
Old Norse: skaða
- Icelandic: skaða
- Faroese: skaða
- Norwegian: skade, skada
- Old Swedish: skaþa
  - Swedish: skada
- Old Danish: skathæ
  - Danish: skade
- → Middle English: scathen
  - English: scathe
  - Scots: scaith, skaith, schaith, scathe

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skaþjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 441: “*skaþōjan-”

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skaþjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 441: “*skaþōjan-”

[1]