Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/saulijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *saulijǭ (“filth, manure”) or directly from its antecedent Proto-Indo-European *sowl-, a metathetic alteration of *solw- (“dusky, dirty, grey”).

Verb

*saulijaną

to make dirty, soil

Inflection

Conjugation of *saulijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*saulijō	*saulijaų	—	*saulijai	?
2nd singular	*saulīsi	*saulijais	*saulī	*saulijasai	*saulijaisau
3rd singular	*saulīþi	*saulijai	*saulijaþau	*saulijaþai	*saulijaiþau
1st dual	*saulijōs	*saulijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*saulijaþiz	*saulijaiþiz	*saulijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*saulijamaz	*saulijaim	—	*saulijanþai	*saulijainþau
2nd plural	*saulīþ	*saulijaiþ	*saulīþ	*saulijanþai	*saulijainþau
3rd plural	*saulijanþi	*saulijain	*saulijanþau	*saulijanþai	*saulijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*saulidǭ	*saulidēdį̄
2nd singular	*saulidēz	*saulidēdīz
3rd singular	*saulidē	*saulidēdī
1st dual	*saulidēdū	*saulidēdīw
2nd dual	*saulidēdudiz	*saulidēdīdiz
1st plural	*saulidēdum	*saulidēdīm
2nd plural	*saulidēdud	*saulidēdīd
3rd plural	*saulidēdun	*saulidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*saulijandz	*saulidaz

Derived terms

*bisaulijaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *saulijan
- Old Saxon: *sōlian
  - Middle Low German: sö̂len
    - German Low German: sölen
- Old Dutch: *sōlen
  - Middle Dutch: solen, soelen
Old Norse: *seyla
- Norwegian Nynorsk: søyla
- Norwegian Bokmål: søle
- Old Swedish: söla
  - Swedish: söla
- Danish: søle
Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*sauljan)
- → Old French: soillier, souillier (alternatively from Proto-West Germanic (i.e. Old Low Frankish) *saulijan)
  - Middle French: souiller
    - French: souiller