Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leubaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰós (“beloved”), from *lewbʰ- (“to desire, love”). Given the existence of a cognate in Proto-Slavic *ľubъ, this adjective is one of the oldest of the e-grade *-az adjectives.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈleu̯.βɑz/

Adjective

*leubaz

1. dear, beloved

Inflection

Declension of *leubaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*leubaz	*leubai	*leubō	*leubôz	*leubą, -atō	*leubō
Accusative	*leubanǭ	*leubanz	*leubǭ	*leubōz	*leubą, -atō	*leubō
Genitive	*leubas, -is	*leubaizǫ̂	*leubaizōz	*leubaizǫ̂	*leubas, -is	*leubaizǫ̂
Dative	*leubammai	*leubaimaz	*leubaizōi	*leubaimaz	*leubammai	*leubaimaz
Instrumental	*leubanō	*leubaimiz	*leubaizō	*leubaimiz	*leubanō	*leubaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*leubô	*leubaniz	*leubǭ	*leubōniz	*leubô	*leubōnō
Accusative	*leubanų	*leubanunz	*leubōnų	*leubōnunz	*leubô	*leubōnō
Genitive	*leubiniz	*leubanǫ̂	*leubōniz	*leubōnǫ̂	*leubiniz	*leubanǫ̂
Dative	*leubini	*leubammaz	*leubōni	*leubōmaz	*leubini	*leubammaz
Instrumental	*leubinē	*leubammiz	*leubōnē	*leubōmiz	*leubinē	*leubammiz

Derived terms

• *leubalīkaz
• *liubiþō

Related terms

• *laubijaną
• *leubą
• *leubō
• *leubô
• *liubijaną
• *lubō

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *leub
  • Old English: lēof, leaf, līof
    • Middle English: lef, leve, lefe, leffe, life, live, luf (Southern or West Midlands)
      • English: lief; ⇒ livelong
      • Scots: lief, lee
      • ⇒ Yola: liveer
  • Old Frisian: liāf, liēf
    • Saterland Frisian: ljoof, ljo
    • West Frisian: leaf
  • Old Saxon: liof
    • Middle Low German: lief, lêf
      • German Low German: leev, leiw
      • Plautdietsch: leef
  • Old Dutch: *liof
    • Middle Dutch: lief
      • Dutch: lief
      • Limburgish: leef
  • Old High German: liob, liub, liup; *liof, lief (northern)
    • Middle High German: liep; lief (north-western)
      • Alemannic German: lieb
      • Bavarian: liab
      • Central Franconian: leev, liev
      • East Central German: lieb
      • German: lieb
      • Luxembourgish: léif
      • Yiddish: ליב (lib)
• Proto-Norse: ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (leubaʀ)
  • Old Norse: ljúfr
    • Icelandic: ljúfur
    • Faroese: ljúvur
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: ljuv
    • Old Swedish: liūver, liufwer
      • Swedish: ljuv, ljuf (pre-1906 spelling)
    • Old Danish: ljuv
• Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (liufs)