Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laiwarikǭ

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*laiwazikǭ

Etymology

Perhaps from earlier *laiwazikǭ, a diminutive of *laiwaz (“lark”). Further origin uncertain.

According to Kuiper, from a European substratum (substrate) word, possibly a Celto-Germanic root shared with Gaulish *alawda (“skylark”); compare Latin alauda (“lark”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈlɑi̯.wɑ.ri.kɔ̃ː/

Noun

*laiwarikǭ f

lark

Inflection

ōn-stemDeclension of *laiwarikǭ (ōn-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*laiwarikǭ	*laiwarikōniz
vocative	*laiwarikǭ	*laiwarikōniz
accusative	*laiwarikōnų	*laiwarikōnunz
genitive	*laiwarikōniz	*laiwarikōnǫ̂
dative	*laiwarikōni	*laiwarikōmaz
instrumental	*laiwarikōnē	*laiwarikōmiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *laiwarikā, *laiwaʀikā
- Old English: lāwerce, lǣwerce, lāwriċe, lāferċe
  - Middle English: larke, laverche, laveroc, laverke, laverock, leverock, lerke, livroche, laverok
    - English: lark, laverock, lavrock
    - Scots: lark, lork, laveirk, laverok
    - Yola: lereke, lerock
- Old Frisian: *lēwerke, *lēwertze, *lertze
  - North Frisian: lāsk (<? *laiwaʀikā)
  - Saterland Frisian: Läiverke, Leeuwerke (Skäddel)
  - West Frisian: ljurk, lartse, larts, lerts, ljurts
- Old Saxon: lēwerka
  - Middle Low German: lêwerike, lêwerke, lêrke
    - German Low German: Leverke, Leverk
- Old Dutch: *leiwerka, *lēwerka
  - Middle Dutch: lewerke, leeuwerke, liewerick, lewerijck, lewerick
    - Dutch: leeuwerik
      - ⇒ Afrikaans: lewerkie
    - → West Frisian: ljurk
- Old High German: lērihha
  - Middle High German: lērche, lërche, lērhe
    - German: Lerche
    - Luxembourgish: Léierchen
- → Old Galician-Portuguese: *laverca (← Suevic *lawerka^[1] or Visigothic *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉 (*laiwarkō))
  - Galician: laverca
  - Portuguese: laverca
Old Norse: lævirki m
- Icelandic: lævirki
- Faroese: lerkur (< Danish ?)
- Norwegian: lerke
- Old Swedish: lærikia
  - Swedish: lärka
- Danish: lærke