Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laiwarikǭ

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *laiwazikǭ

Etymology

Perhaps from earlier *laiwazikǭ, a diminutive of *laiwaz (“lark”). Further origin uncertain.

According to Kuiper, from a European substratum (substrate) word, possibly a Celto-Germanic root shared with Gaulish *alawda (“skylark”); compare Latin alauda (“lark”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlɑi̯.wɑ.ri.kɔ̃ː/

Noun

*laiwarikǭ f

1. lark

Inflection

ōn-stemDeclension of *laiwarikǭ (ōn-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*laiwarikǭ	*laiwarikōniz
vocative	*laiwarikǭ	*laiwarikōniz
accusative	*laiwarikōnų	*laiwarikōnunz
genitive	*laiwarikōniz	*laiwarikōnǫ̂
dative	*laiwarikōni	*laiwarikōmaz
instrumental	*laiwarikōnē	*laiwarikōmiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *laiwarikā, *laiwaʀikā
  • Old English: lāwerce, lǣwerce, lāwriċe, lāferċe
    • Middle English: larke, laverche, laveroc, laverke, laverock, leverock, lerke, livroche, laverok
      • English: lark, laverock, lavrock
      • Scots: lark, lork, laveirk, laverok
      • Yola: lereke, lerock
  • Old Frisian: *lēwerke, *lēwertze, *lertze
    • North Frisian: lāsk (<? *laiwaʀikā)
    • Saterland Frisian: Läiverke, Leeuwerke (Skäddel)
    • West Frisian: ljurk, lartse, larts, lerts, ljurts
  • Old Saxon: lēwerka
    • Middle Low German: lêwerike, lêwerke, lêrke
      • German Low German: Leverke, Leverk
  • Old Dutch: *leiwerka, *lēwerka
    • Middle Dutch: lewerke, leeuwerke, liewerick, lewerijck, lewerick
      • Dutch: leeuwerik
        • ⇒ Afrikaans: lewerkie
      • → West Frisian: ljurk
  • Old High German: lērihha
    • Middle High German: lērche, lërche, lērhe
      • German: Lerche
      • Luxembourgish: Léierchen
  • → Old Galician-Portuguese: *laverca (← Suevic *lawerka or Visigothic *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉 (*laiwarkō))
    • Galician: laverca
    • Portuguese: laverca
• Old Norse: lævirki m
  • Icelandic: lævirki
  • Faroese: lerkur (< Danish ?)
  • Norwegian: lerke
  • Old Swedish: lærikia
    • Swedish: lärka
  • Danish: lærke

Further reading

• Fryske Academy (1998): Lezingen fan it fjirtjinde Frysk Filologekongres: 23, 24 en 25 oktober 1996
• Reichart, L. (2000): Kratylos, Volume 45