Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kreukaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

According to Kroonen, the verb was associated by the Germanic tribes with the unrelated *kreupaną (“to crawl”) from an early stage. He suggests that the root final -k arose from an earlier geminate -kk, which was adopted from the iterative verb *krukkōną. Related to Old Irish gruc (“wrinkle”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkreu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kreukaną

1. to fold, wrinkle
2. to stoop, crawl

Inflection

Conjugation of *kreukaną (strong class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kreukō	*kreukaų	—	*kreukai	?
2nd singular	*kriukizi	*kreukaiz	*kreuk	*kreukazai	*kreukaizau
3rd singular	*kriukidi	*kreukai	*kreukadau	*kreukadai	*kreukaidau
1st dual	*kreukōz	*kreukaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kreukadiz	*kreukaidiz	*kreukadiz	—	—
1st plural	*kreukamaz	*kreukaim	—	*kreukandai	*kreukaindau
2nd plural	*kriukid	*kreukaid	*kriukid	*kreukandai	*kreukaindau
3rd plural	*kreukandi	*kreukain	*kreukandau	*kreukandai	*kreukaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*krauk	*krukį̄
2nd singular	*krauht	*krukīz
3rd singular	*krauk	*krukī
1st dual	*krukū	*krukīw
2nd dual	*krukudiz	*krukīdiz
1st plural	*krukum	*krukīm
2nd plural	*krukud	*krukīd
3rd plural	*krukun	*krukīn
	present	past
participles	*kreukandz	*krukanaz

Related terms

• *krukkōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *kreukan
  • Old Frisian: *krūka
    • West Frisian: krûke
  • Old High German: kriochan
    • Middle High German: kriechen
      • German: kriechen
• Old Norse: *krjúka
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: krjuke
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: krjuke, krjuka