Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krūdaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *grewt- (“to push; press”), an extension of a root *grew-, which may be related to Ancient Greek βρύω (brúō, “to be full to bursting, swell”) (< *gʷru-).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkruː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*krūdaną

1. to crowd
2. to press
3. to drive

Inflection

Conjugation of *krūdaną (strong class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*krūdō	*krūdaų	—	*krūdai	?
2nd singular	*krūdizi	*krūdaiz	*krūd	*krūdazai	*krūdaizau
3rd singular	*krūdidi	*krūdai	*krūdadau	*krūdadai	*krūdaidau
1st dual	*krūdōz	*krūdaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*krūdadiz	*krūdaidiz	*krūdadiz	—	—
1st plural	*krūdamaz	*krūdaim	—	*krūdandai	*krūdaindau
2nd plural	*krūdid	*krūdaid	*krūdid	*krūdandai	*krūdaindau
3rd plural	*krūdandi	*krūdain	*krūdandau	*krūdandai	*krūdaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kraud	*krudį̄
2nd singular	*kraust	*krudīz
3rd singular	*kraud	*krudī
1st dual	*krudū	*krudīw
2nd dual	*krududiz	*krudīdiz
1st plural	*krudum	*krudīm
2nd plural	*krudud	*krudīd
3rd plural	*krudun	*krudīn
	present	past
participles	*krūdandz	*krudanaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *krūdan
  • Old English: crūdan
    • Middle English: cruden, crouden, croden
      • Scots: crood
      • English: crowd
  • Old Frisian: *krūde, *krūe, *krūie
    • Saterland Frisian: kröie
    • West Frisian: kruie
  • Old Saxon: *krūdan
    • Middle Low German: krǖden, krōden, kruden, kroden
      • German Low German: kroden
  • Old Dutch: *crūdan
    • Middle Dutch: cruden
      • Dutch: kruien
        • Afrikaans: kruie, krui
  • Old High German: *krūtan
    • Middle High German: kruden, kroten, kröten