Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klawjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Seemingly from a Proto-Indo-European root *glew- (“to claw, scratch”), with no certain cognates outside of Germanic. Some take the root to be from a base *gel- (“to make round, clench”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈklɑ.wjɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*klawjaną

1. to claw or scratch

Inflection

Conjugation of *klawjaną (strong class 6 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*klawjō	*klawjaų	—	*klawjai	?
2nd singular	*klawisi	*klawjais	*klawi	*klawjasai	*klawjaisau
3rd singular	*klawiþi	*klawjai	*klawjaþau	*klawjaþai	*klawjaiþau
1st dual	*klawjōs	*klawjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*klawjaþiz	*klawjaiþiz	*klawjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*klawjamaz	*klawjaim	—	*klawjanþai	*klawjainþau
2nd plural	*klawiþ	*klawjaiþ	*klawiþ	*klawjanþai	*klawjainþau
3rd plural	*klawjanþi	*klawjain	*klawjanþau	*klawjanþai	*klawjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*klōw	*klōwį̄
2nd singular	*klōwt	*klōwīz
3rd singular	*klōw	*klōwī
1st dual	*klōwū	*klōwīw
2nd dual	*klōwudiz	*klōwīdiz
1st plural	*klōwum	*klōwīm
2nd plural	*klōwud	*klōwīd
3rd plural	*klōwun	*klōwīn
	present	past
participles	*klawjandz	*klawanaz

Derived terms

• *klawō

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *klauwjan
  • Old English: clawan; clāwan, *clēn (strong class 7)
    • Middle English: clawen, cleen
      • English: claw
      • Scots: claw
  • Old Saxon: *clawōn
    • Middle Low German: klâwen
  • Old Dutch: *clōien, *clouen
    • Middle Dutch: clôyen, clooien, clouwen
      • Dutch: klooien, klauwen (remodelled after the noun, or from West Germanic *klawēn)
  • Old High German: klawjan
    • Middle High German: kleuen, klæwen
      • German: kläuen (dialectal or obsolete), klauen (remodelled after the noun, or from West Germanic *klawēn)
• Old Norse: klá, kleyja
  • Icelandic: klá
  • Faroese: kláa
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: klå
  • Norwegian Bokmål: klø (< kleyja)
  • Old Swedish: klā
    • Swedish: klå