Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kirnijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *kernǭ (“butter tub”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkir.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kirnijaną

to churn

Inflection

Conjugation of *kirnijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kirnijō	*kirnijaų	—	*kirnijai	?
2nd singular	*kirnīsi	*kirnijais	*kirnī	*kirnijasai	*kirnijaisau
3rd singular	*kirnīþi	*kirnijai	*kirnijaþau	*kirnijaþai	*kirnijaiþau
1st dual	*kirnijōs	*kirnijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kirnijaþiz	*kirnijaiþiz	*kirnijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*kirnijamaz	*kirnijaim	—	*kirnijanþai	*kirnijainþau
2nd plural	*kirnīþ	*kirnijaiþ	*kirnīþ	*kirnijanþai	*kirnijainþau
3rd plural	*kirnijanþi	*kirnijain	*kirnijanþau	*kirnijanþai	*kirnijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kirnidǭ	*kirnidēdį̄
2nd singular	*kirnidēz	*kirnidēdīz
3rd singular	*kirnidē	*kirnidēdī
1st dual	*kirnidēdū	*kirnidēdīw
2nd dual	*kirnidēdudiz	*kirnidēdīdiz
1st plural	*kirnidēdum	*kirnidēdīm
2nd plural	*kirnidēdud	*kirnidēdīd
3rd plural	*kirnidēdun	*kirnidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*kirnijandz	*kirnidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kirnijan
- Old English: cernan
  - Middle English: chernen
    - English: churn
- Old Dutch: *kirnen
  - Middle Dutch: kernen, carnen
    - Dutch: karnen
- Old Saxon: *kirnian
  - Middle Low German: kernen, karnen
    - Low German: karnen
- Old High German: *kirnen
  - Middle High German: *kirnen
    - Central Franconian: kiere, kierne, keene, kerne
    - German: kirnen (rare, regional)
Old Norse: kirna
- Icelandic: kirna
- Swedish: kärna
- Danish: kærne