Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kirnijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *kernǭ (“butter tub”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkir.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kirnijaną

1. to churn

Inflection

Conjugation of *kirnijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kirnijō	*kirnijaų	—	*kirnijai	?
2nd singular	*kirnīsi	*kirnijais	*kirnī	*kirnijasai	*kirnijaisau
3rd singular	*kirnīþi	*kirnijai	*kirnijaþau	*kirnijaþai	*kirnijaiþau
1st dual	*kirnijōs	*kirnijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kirnijaþiz	*kirnijaiþiz	*kirnijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*kirnijamaz	*kirnijaim	—	*kirnijanþai	*kirnijainþau
2nd plural	*kirnīþ	*kirnijaiþ	*kirnīþ	*kirnijanþai	*kirnijainþau
3rd plural	*kirnijanþi	*kirnijain	*kirnijanþau	*kirnijanþai	*kirnijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kirnidǭ	*kirnidēdį̄
2nd singular	*kirnidēz	*kirnidēdīz
3rd singular	*kirnidē	*kirnidēdī
1st dual	*kirnidēdū	*kirnidēdīw
2nd dual	*kirnidēdudiz	*kirnidēdīdiz
1st plural	*kirnidēdum	*kirnidēdīm
2nd plural	*kirnidēdud	*kirnidēdīd
3rd plural	*kirnidēdun	*kirnidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*kirnijandz	*kirnidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *kirnijan
  • Old English: cernan
    • Middle English: chernen
      • English: churn
  • Old Dutch: *kirnen
    • Middle Dutch: kernen, carnen
      • Dutch: karnen
  • Old Saxon: *kirnian
    • Middle Low German: kernen, karnen
      • Low German: karnen
  • Old High German: *kirnen
    • Middle High German: *kirnen
      • Central Franconian: kiere, kierne, keene, kerne
      • German: kirnen (rare, regional)
• Old Norse: kirna
  • Icelandic: kirna
  • Swedish: kärna
  • Danish: kærne