Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hratōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)krad-, *(s)kerd- (“to move, swing, spring”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxrɑ.tɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hratōną

to swing; sway; shake.
to stagger; stumble; tumble.

Inflection

Conjugation of *hratōną (weak class 2)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hratō	*hratǭ	—	*hratōi	?
2nd singular	*hratōsi	*hratōs	*hratō	*hratōsai	*hratōsau
3rd singular	*hratōþi	*hratō	*hratōþau	*hratōþai	*hratōþau
1st dual	*hratōs	*hratōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hratōþiz	*hratōþiz	*hratōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hratōmaz	*hratōm	—	*hratōnþai	*hratōnþau
2nd plural	*hratōþ	*hratōþ	*hratōþ	*hratōnþai	*hratōnþau
3rd plural	*hratōnþi	*hratōn	*hratōnþau	*hratōnþai	*hratōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hratōdǭ	*hratōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*hratōdēz	*hratōdēdīz
3rd singular	*hratōdē	*hratōdēdī
1st dual	*hratōdēdū	*hratōdēdīw
2nd dual	*hratōdēdudiz	*hratōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*hratōdēdum	*hratōdēdīm
2nd plural	*hratōdēdud	*hratōdēdīd
3rd plural	*hratōdēdun	*hratōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hratōndz	*hratōdaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hratōn
- Old English: hratian; (*hrætelian, *hrætlian)
  - (Middle English: ratelen)
    - (English: rattle)
- (Old Saxon: *hratlōn)
  - (Middle Low German: rettelen, *retelen, *ratelen, *rateren)
    - (Low German: rateln, ratern)
    - (→ German: rattern)
- (Old Dutch: *ratelon)
  - (Middle Dutch: ratelen)
    - (Dutch: ratelen)
- Old High German: *razzōn
  - Middle High German: razzen; (razzeln)
    - (German: rasseln)
Old Norse: hrata
- Icelandic: hrata
- Norwegian Nynorsk: rata, rate
- Swedish: rata
- → Middle English: raten
  - English: rate; berate