Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hradjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Equivalent to *hradaz (“fast”) +‎ *-janą; the original meaning was probably "to be quick", which underwent semantic shift > "to drive, save".

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxrɑð.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hradjaną

1. (West Germanic) to loosen; set free; deliver; rescue; save

Inflection

Conjugation of *hradjaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hradjō	*hradjaų	—	*hradjai	?
2nd singular	*hradisi	*hradjais	*hradi	*hradjasai	*hradjaisau
3rd singular	*hradiþi	*hradjai	*hradjaþau	*hradjaþai	*hradjaiþau
1st dual	*hradjōs	*hradjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hradjaþiz	*hradjaiþiz	*hradjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hradjamaz	*hradjaim	—	*hradjanþai	*hradjainþau
2nd plural	*hradiþ	*hradjaiþ	*hradiþ	*hradjanþai	*hradjainþau
3rd plural	*hradjanþi	*hradjain	*hradjanþau	*hradjanþai	*hradjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hradidǭ	*hradidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hradidēz	*hradidēdīz
3rd singular	*hradidē	*hradidēdī
1st dual	*hradidēdū	*hradidēdīw
2nd dual	*hradidēdudiz	*hradidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hradidēdum	*hradidēdīm
2nd plural	*hradidēdud	*hradidēdīd
3rd plural	*hradidēdun	*hradidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hradjandz	*hradidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hraddjan
  • Old English: hreddan
    • Middle English: redden, redde, reddenn (Ormulum)
      • English: redd, red; rid
      • Scots: redd, red
  • Old Frisian: hredda, reda
    • Saterland Frisian: rädje
    • West Frisian: rêde
  • Old Saxon: *hreddian
    • Middle Low German: redden
      • Low German: redden
      • → Danish: redde
        • → Icelandic: redda
      • → Swedish: rädda
      • → Norwegian: redde
  • Old Dutch: *redden
    • Middle Dutch: redden
      • Dutch: redden
        • Afrikaans: red
  • Old High German: retten
    • Middle High German: retten
      • German: retten
      • Luxembourgish: retten