Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hradjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Equivalent to *hradaz (“fast”) +‎ *-janą; the original meaning was probably "to be quick", which underwent semantic shift > "to drive, save".^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxrɑð.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hradjaną^[1]^[2]

(West Germanic) to loosen; set free; deliver; rescue; save

Inflection

Conjugation of *hradjaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hradjō	*hradjaų	—	*hradjai	?
2nd singular	*hradisi	*hradjais	*hradi	*hradjasai	*hradjaisau
3rd singular	*hradiþi	*hradjai	*hradjaþau	*hradjaþai	*hradjaiþau
1st dual	*hradjōs	*hradjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hradjaþiz	*hradjaiþiz	*hradjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hradjamaz	*hradjaim	—	*hradjanþai	*hradjainþau
2nd plural	*hradiþ	*hradjaiþ	*hradiþ	*hradjanþai	*hradjainþau
3rd plural	*hradjanþi	*hradjain	*hradjanþau	*hradjanþai	*hradjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hradidǭ	*hradidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hradidēz	*hradidēdīz
3rd singular	*hradidē	*hradidēdī
1st dual	*hradidēdū	*hradidēdīw
2nd dual	*hradidēdudiz	*hradidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hradidēdum	*hradidēdīm
2nd plural	*hradidēdud	*hradidēdīd
3rd plural	*hradidēdun	*hradidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hradjandz	*hradidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hraddjan
- Old English: hreddan
  - Middle English: redden, redde, reddenn (Ormulum)
    - English: redd, red; rid
    - Scots: redd, red
- Old Frisian: hredda, reda
  - Saterland Frisian: rädje
  - West Frisian: rêde
- Old Saxon: *hreddian
  - Middle Low German: redden
    - Low German: redden
    - → Danish: redde
      - → Icelandic: redda
    - → Swedish: rädda
    - → Norwegian: redde
- Old Dutch: *redden
  - Middle Dutch: redden
    - Dutch: redden
      - Afrikaans: red
- Old High German: retten
  - Middle High German: retten
    - German: retten
    - Luxembourgish: retten

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hraþa- ~ *hrada-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 243: “*hradjan-”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrađjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 183

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hraþa- ~ *hrada-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 243: “*hradjan-”

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrađjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 183

[1]

[2]