Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrīmô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *hrīmą (North Germanic)

Etymology

According to Kroonen, the nominative stem originally had a root-final -f, which was lost before the m of the mn-stem endings. This in turn stems from an older root-final -p. In the oblique stems, however, the m was lost instead, making the resulting -pn- cluster vulnerable to Kluge's law, which transformed it into a geminate -pp-. This geminate was then shortened due to a heavy long-vowel syllable preceding it.

Pokorny derived this from Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to streak; graze; touch”). Kroonen instead reconstructs a root *kreyp-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxriːmɔːː/

Noun

*hrīmô m

1. frost, hoarfrost, rime

   Synonym: *frustaz

2. soot

   Synonym: *sōtą

Inflection

According to Kroonen, this was an irregular mn-stem noun, displaying apparent consonant alternation between m in the nominative stem and p in oblique stems.

masculine an-stemDeclension of *hrīmô (masculine an-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hrīmô	*hrīmaniz
vocative	*hrīmô	*hrīmaniz
accusative	*hrīmanų	*hrīpunz
genitive	*hrīpaz	*hrīpǫ̂
dative	*hrīmini	*hrīmummaz
instrumental	*hrīpē	*hrīmummiz

Descendants

From nominative stem hrīm-:

• Proto-West Germanic: *hrīm
  • Old English: hrīm
    • Middle English: rime, ryme
      • Scots: ryme, rime
      • English: rime
  • Old Frisian: *hrīm (in derivatives: hrīmich, hrīmech)
  • Old Dutch: *rīm
    • Middle Dutch: rijm
      • Dutch: rijm
  • Old High German: *hrīm, *rīm
    • Middle High German: rīm
      • Bavarian: Reim, Rein (Tyrol)
      • ⇒ Middle High German: rīmelen, rīmeln (“to be covered with rime”)
  • → Old French: frime; frimas
    • Middle French: frimas
      • French: frimas
• Old Norse: hrím n
  • Danish: rim
  • Icelandic: hrím
  • Faroese: rím
  • Norwegian: rim
  • Swedish: rim

From oblique stem hrīp-:

• Proto-West Germanic: *hrīpō
  • Old Frisian: *hrīpa
    • Saterland Frisian: Riep
  • Old Saxon: *hrīpo
    • Middle Low German: rîpe, rîp, rîfe
  • Old Dutch: *rīpo
    • Middle Dutch: ripe
      • Dutch: rijp
        • Afrikaans: ryp
  • Old High German: rīfo
    • Middle High German: rīfe, rīf
      • German: Reif
• →? Proto-Finnic: *riip-
  • ⇒ Proto-Finnic: *riittädäk (< *riip-tä-?)
    • Finnish: riittää