Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hluppōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From zero-grade iterative of *hlaupaną (“to leap, jump”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxlup.pɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hluppōną

1. to leap, run

Inflection

The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, *hlupp- against *hlub-.

Conjugation of *hluppōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hluppō	*hluppǭ	—	*hluppōi	?
2nd singular	*hluppōsi	*hluppōs	*hluppō	*hluppōsai	*hluppōsau
3rd singular	*hluppōþi	*hluppō	*hluppōþau	*hluppōþai	*hluppōþau
1st dual	*hluppōs	*hluppōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hluppōþiz	*hluppōþiz	*hluppōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hluppōmaz	*hluppōm	—	*hluppōnþai	*hluppōnþau
2nd plural	*hluppōþ	*hluppōþ	*hluppōþ	*hluppōnþai	*hluppōnþau
3rd plural	*hluppōnþi	*hluppōn	*hluppōnþau	*hluppōnþai	*hluppōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hluppōdǭ	*hluppōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*hluppōdēz	*hluppōdēdīz
3rd singular	*hluppōdē	*hluppōdēdī
1st dual	*hluppōdēdū	*hluppōdēdīw
2nd dual	*hluppōdēdudiz	*hluppōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*hluppōdēdum	*hluppōdēdīm
2nd plural	*hluppōdēdud	*hluppōdēdīd
3rd plural	*hluppōdēdun	*hluppōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hluppōndz	*hluppōdaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hloppōn
  • >? Old English: *hlopian
    • >? Middle English: lopen (usually adduced from loup, but can continue *hlupōną as well)
      • >? English: lope
  • Old Saxon: *loppon
    • Middle Low German: loppen
  • Old Dutch: *loppon
    • Middle Dutch: loppen
  • Old High German: loffōn

References

• Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN