Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlaidrijō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”). Cognate with Middle Irish clithar (“hedge”), Ancient Greek κλῖμαξ (klîmax, “ladder”), and related to Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 (hleiþra, “booth, tent”, literally “that which leans”). Compare also Latin clathri (“trellis”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxlɑi̯.dri.jɔː/

Noun

*hlaidrijō f

1. ladder

Inflection

ō-stemDeclension of *hlaidrijō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hlaidrijō	*hlaidrijôz
vocative	*hlaidrijō	*hlaidrijôz
accusative	*hlaidrijǭ	*hlaidrijōz
genitive	*hlaidrijōz	*hlaidrijǫ̂
dative	*hlaidrijōi	*hlaidrijōmaz
instrumental	*hlaidrijō	*hlaidrijōmiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hlaidriju
  • Old English: hlǣdre, hlǣder, hlædder, hlæddr-, hlædr-
    • Middle English: laddre, ladder, laddere, laddir, ladre, ledder, leddre, leddyr, lheddre, læddræ, læddre, leaddre (Early Middle English)
      • English: ladder
      • Scots: ledder
  • Old Frisian: hladder, hledder, hleder, hlērde
    • North Frisian: ladder
    • Saterland Frisian: Laadere, Laddere
    • West Frisian: ljedder, leider, ljerre
  • Old Saxon: hlēderi
    • Middle Low German: leddere, ledder, lēdere, lēder, leider, ladder
      • German Low German: Ledder
      • Plautdietsch: Lada
  • Old Dutch: *lēdara
    • Middle Dutch: ledere, leedre, ledder, laddere, ladere
      • Dutch: ladder, leer
        • Afrikaans: ladder; leer
    • Limburgish: lejjer, leier
  • Old High German: hleitra, hleitara, leitra, leitara
    • Middle High German: leiter
      • Bavarian: Later, Loater
      • German: Leiter
      • Hunsrik: Leeter
      • Luxembourgish: Leeder