Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlaþaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to put, lay out”). Cognate with Lithuanian klṓti (“to lay, lay out, spread, pave”), Russian клад (klad, “treasure”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxlɑ.θɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hlaþaną^[1]^[2]^[3]

to load

Inflection

Conjugation of *hlaþaną (strong class 6)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hlaþō	*hlaþaų	—	*hlaþai	?
2nd singular	*hlaþizi	*hlaþaiz	*hlaþ	*hlaþazai	*hlaþaizau
3rd singular	*hlaþidi	*hlaþai	*hlaþadau	*hlaþadai	*hlaþaidau
1st dual	*hlaþōz	*hlaþaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hlaþadiz	*hlaþaidiz	*hlaþadiz	—	—
1st plural	*hlaþamaz	*hlaþaim	—	*hlaþandai	*hlaþaindau
2nd plural	*hlaþid	*hlaþaid	*hlaþid	*hlaþandai	*hlaþaindau
3rd plural	*hlaþandi	*hlaþain	*hlaþandau	*hlaþandai	*hlaþaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hlōþ	*hlōdį̄
2nd singular	*hlōst	*hlōdīz
3rd singular	*hlōþ	*hlōdī
1st dual	*hlōdū	*hlōdīw
2nd dual	*hlōdudiz	*hlōdīdiz
1st plural	*hlōdum	*hlōdīm
2nd plural	*hlōdud	*hlōdīd
3rd plural	*hlōdun	*hlōdīn

	present	past
participles	*hlaþandz	*hladanaz

Derived terms

Related terms

*hlassą

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaþan
- Old English: hladan
  - Middle English: laden
    - Scots: lade, laid
    - English: lade
- Old Saxon: hladan
  - Middle Low German: lāden
    - Low German: laden
- Old Dutch: *ladan
  - Middle Dutch: lāden
    - Dutch: laden
      - Afrikaans: laai
- Old High German: hladan, ladan
  - Middle High German: laden
    - Alemannic German: lade
    - German: laden
    - Luxembourgish: lueden
    - → Polish: ładować
Old Norse: hlaða
- Icelandic: hlaða
- Faroese: laða
- Norwegian Nynorsk: la, lade, lada
- Elfdalian: leða
- Old Swedish: laþa
  - Swedish: ladda
- Danish: lade
  - Norwegian Bokmål: lade, la
Gothic: *𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌽 (*hlaþan)
→ Proto-Finnic:
- Estonian: laduma
- Finnish: latoa
- Votic: latoa

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hlaþan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 229
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xlaþanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 175
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “HLAÞ-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 258

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hlaþan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 229

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xlaþanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 175

[3] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “HLAÞ-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 258

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