Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hamjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

According to Kroonen, probably related to *hamô (“rod, shaft”). Orel prefers to take the word as a verbal formation from *hammō (“shinbone; ham”), though this is semantically more tenuous than Kroonen's theory.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑm.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hamjaną

1. To press; pinch
2. To obstruct; restrict; restrain; hinder; hamper
3. To hem in; enclose

Conjugation

Conjugation of *hamjaną (weak class 1)

	active voice				passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hamjō	*hamjaų	—		*hamjai	?
2nd singular	*hamisi	*hamjais	*hami		*hamjasai	*hamjaisau
3rd singular	*hamiþi	*hamjai	*hamjaþau		*hamjaþai	*hamjaiþau
1st dual	*hamjōs	*hamjaiw	—		—	—
2nd dual	*hamjaþiz	*hamjaiþiz	*hamjaþiz		—	—
1st plural	*hamjamaz	*hamjaim	—		*hamjanþai	*hamjainþau
2nd plural	*hamiþ	*hamjaiþ	*hamiþ		*hamjanþai	*hamjainþau
3rd plural	*hamjanþi	*hamjain	*hamjanþau		*hamjanþai	*hamjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hamidǭ	*hamidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hamidēz	*hamidēdīz
3rd singular	*hamidē	*hamidēdī
1st dual	*hamidēdū	*hamidēdīw
2nd dual	*hamidēdudiz	*hamidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hamidēdum	*hamidēdīm
2nd plural	*hamidēdud	*hamidēdīd
3rd plural	*hamidēdun	*hamidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hamjandz	*hamidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hammjan
  • Old English: *hemman
    • Middle English: hemmen (alternatively derived from the noun)
      • English: hem
      • Scots: hem
  • Old Frisian: hemma
  • Old Saxon: *hemmian
    • Middle Low German: hemmen
      • German Low German: hemmen
  • Old Dutch: *hemmen (attested as chamian)
  • Old High German: *hemmen (in gihemmen)
    • Middle High German: hemmen
      • German: hemmen
      • → Polish: hamować (borrowing from Middle High German hamen < Old High German *hamōn, a related word)
• Old Norse: hemja
  • Icelandic: hemja
  • Norwegian: hemme
  • Swedish: hämma
  • Danish: hæmme