Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hamjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

According to Kroonen, probably related to *hamô (“rod, shaft”).^[1] Orel prefers to take the word as a verbal formation from *hammō (“shinbone; ham”), though this is semantically more tenuous than Kroonen's theory.^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑm.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hamjaną^[1]^[2]

To press; pinch
To obstruct; restrict; restrain; hinder; hamper
To hem in; enclose

Conjugation

Conjugation of *hamjaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hamjō	*hamjaų	—	*hamjai	?
2nd singular	*hamisi	*hamjais	*hami	*hamjasai	*hamjaisau
3rd singular	*hamiþi	*hamjai	*hamjaþau	*hamjaþai	*hamjaiþau
1st dual	*hamjōs	*hamjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hamjaþiz	*hamjaiþiz	*hamjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hamjamaz	*hamjaim	—	*hamjanþai	*hamjainþau
2nd plural	*hamiþ	*hamjaiþ	*hamiþ	*hamjanþai	*hamjainþau
3rd plural	*hamjanþi	*hamjain	*hamjanþau	*hamjanþai	*hamjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hamidǭ	*hamidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hamidēz	*hamidēdīz
3rd singular	*hamidē	*hamidēdī
1st dual	*hamidēdū	*hamidēdīw
2nd dual	*hamidēdudiz	*hamidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hamidēdum	*hamidēdīm
2nd plural	*hamidēdud	*hamidēdīd
3rd plural	*hamidēdun	*hamidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hamjandz	*hamidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hammjan
- Old English: *hemman
  - Middle English: hemmen (alternatively derived from the noun)
    - English: hem
    - Scots: hem
- Old Frisian: hemma
- Old Saxon: *hemmian
  - Middle Low German: hemmen
    - German Low German: hemmen
- Old Dutch: *hemmen (attested as chamian)
- Old High German: *hemmen (in gihemmen)
  - Middle High German: hemmen
    - German: hemmen
    - → Polish: hamować (borrowing from Middle High German hamen < Old High German *hamōn, a related word)
Old Norse: hemja
- Icelandic: hemja
- Norwegian: hemme
- Swedish: hämma
- Danish: hæmme

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*haman-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 206: “*hamjan-”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xam(m)janan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 158

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*haman-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 206: “*hamjan-”

[HGE-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xam(m)janan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 158

[1]

[2]