Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hakô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Appears to stem from a pre-Germanic *kh₂/₃k-on-, with no certain cognates outside of Germanic,^[1] due to a degree of semantic uncertainty with words of similar sound and meaning in other branches. Orel compares Hittite [script needed] (kaka-, “tooth”) and Proto-Slavic *kogъtь (“claw, talon”).^[2] The Germanic has been traditionally reconstructed further to a Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *keng- (“peg; hook”), and, in addition to the Slavic, compared with Persian (čang, “claw, talon”).^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑ.kɔːː/

Noun

*hakô m

hook

Inflection

masculine an-stemDeclension of *hakô (masculine an-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hakô	*hakaniz
vocative	*hakô	*hakaniz
accusative	*hakanų	*hakanunz
genitive	*hakiniz	*hakanǫ̂
dative	*hakini	*hakammaz
instrumental	*hakinē	*hakammiz

Synonyms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hakō
- Old English: haca, hæca
  - Middle English: *hake
    - English: hake
    - Scots: hake, haik
  - ⇒ Old English: hæċċe f (< *hakjǭ)
- Old Frisian: haka
  - Saterland Frisian: Hoake
  - West Frisian: heak
- Old Saxon: haco, hako
  - Middle Low German: hāke
    - German Low German: Hake, Haak
- Old Dutch: *hako
  - Middle Dutch: hake
    - Dutch: haak
      - Afrikaans: haak
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: haki
      - Negerhollands: huk
      - → Indonesian: hak
      - → Papiamentu: hak, haak
      - → Sranan Tongo: aka
        → Caribbean Javanese: akah
    - Limburgish: haok
- Old High German: haho, hako
  - Middle High German: hāken
    - German: Haken
    - → Czech: hák
    - → Polish: hak
Old Norse: haki
- Icelandic: haki
- Faroese: haki
- Norwegian Bokmål: hake
- Norwegian Nynorsk: hake
- Elfdalian: atji
- Old Swedish: haki
  - Swedish: hake
- Danish: hage

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hakan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 203
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xakōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 154
^ Nourai, Ali (2011) “Keg, Keng, Kek, Kenk 2, Kag”, in An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 217

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hakan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 203

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xakōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 154

[3] Nourai, Ali (2011) “Keg, Keng, Kek, Kenk 2, Kag”, in An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 217

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