Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/habukaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Possibly ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“seize”), but in view of Proto-Slavic *kobь̀cь, *kobъzъ (“small bird of prey: falcon ~ sparrowhawk ~ merlin ~ buzzard”) apparently from a word along the lines of *kobʰuǵos. Kroonen (2013), however, considers the sound correspondences between the words in different Indo-European branches to be too irregular and thus views it as a Wanderwort rather than a common PIE inheritance. Note also Latin capys, capus (“bird of prey”) and Albanian gabonjë (“eagle, griffon vulture, hawk”), themselves of unknown and likely substrate origin. If the Slavic cognate is a native formation, the Germanic may have been borrowed from it at an early stage prior to Grimm's law.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑ.βu.kɑz/

Noun

*habukaz m

1. hawk

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *habukaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*habukaz	*habukōz, *habukōs
vocative	*habuk	*habukōz, *habukōs
accusative	*habuką	*habukanz
genitive	*habukas, *habukis	*habukǫ̂
dative	*habukai	*habukamaz
instrumental	*habukō	*habukamiz

Derived terms

• *sparwahabukaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *habuk
  • Old English: hafuc, hafoc, heafoc, heafuc
    • Middle English: hauk, hafek, havek, havk, hawk, hawke, hafvek, hævek, heavek, hevek (Early Middle English)
      • English: hawk
        • Sranan Tongo: aka
      • Scots: hawk
    • → Old Irish: sebac
      • Irish: seabhac
      • Manx: shawk
      • Scottish Gaelic: seabhag
  • Old Frisian: havek, hauk
    • North Frisian: hafk, häfk
    • Saterland Frisian: Hauk
    • West Frisian: hauk
  • Old Saxon: havuk, haƀuk
    • Middle Low German: hāvek, hāvik
      • German Low German: Haavke
      • Low German: Haavk, Havik, Haav, Hoovk
    • → Polabian: ofkă
  • Old Dutch: *havuk, havek
    • Middle Dutch: hāvec, hāvic
      • Dutch: havik
        • Afrikaans: hawik
  • Old High German: habuch, habuh
    • Middle High German: habech, habeh, habich, habch, hebech, hebich, hock
      • Central Franconian:
        • Hunsrik: Hawich
      • German: Habicht
      • Swabian: Hack
• Old Norse: haukr
  • Icelandic: haukur
  • Faroese: heykur
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: hauk
    • → Norwegian Bokmål: hauk
  • Elfdalian: ok
  • Old Swedish: hø̄ker
    • Swedish: hök
  • Old Danish: høk
    • Danish: høg
      • Norwegian Bokmål: høk (obsolete)
• → Proto-Finnic: *habukka, *habuk'as
  • Estonian: haugas
  • Finnish: haukka, (dialectal) havukka
  • Karelian: haukka
  • Veps: habuk