Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grappōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *gʰrobʰneh₂-, apparently an iterative to *grabaną (“to dig”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣrɑp.pɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*grappōną

to grapple, grab

Inflection

The original paradigm contrasted singular *grapp- against non-singular *grab-.

Conjugation of *grappōną (weak class 2)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*grappō	*grappǭ	—	*grappōi	?
2nd singular	*grappōsi	*grappōs	*grappō	*grappōsai	*grappōsau
3rd singular	*grappōþi	*grappō	*grappōþau	*grappōþai	*grappōþau
1st dual	*grappōs	*grappōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*grappōþiz	*grappōþiz	*grappōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*grappōmaz	*grappōm	—	*grappōnþai	*grappōnþau
2nd plural	*grappōþ	*grappōþ	*grappōþ	*grappōnþai	*grappōnþau
3rd plural	*grappōnþi	*grappōn	*grappōnþau	*grappōnþai	*grappōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*grappōdǭ	*grappōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*grappōdēz	*grappōdēdīz
3rd singular	*grappōdē	*grappōdēdī
1st dual	*grappōdēdū	*grappōdēdīw
2nd dual	*grappōdēdudiz	*grappōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*grappōdēdum	*grappōdēdīm
2nd plural	*grappōdēdud	*grappōdēdīd
3rd plural	*grappōdēdun	*grappōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*grappōndz	*grappōdaz

Descendants

English: grab, also cf. grapple
Middle Low German: grabben
Middle Dutch: grapen, grabben
- (Dutch: grabbelen)

References

Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN