Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grīsaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Watkins suggests Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”). However, compare Sanskrit हर्षति (harṣati, “to become on edge, nervous”), which is from *ǵʰers- (“surprised, stiff”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣriː.sɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*grīsaną

1. to shudder, to shake
2. to be frightened, to be in awe

Inflection

Conjugation of *grīsaną (strong class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*grīsō	*grīsaų	—	*grīsai	?
2nd singular	*grīsizi	*grīsaiz	*grīs	*grīsazai	*grīsaizau
3rd singular	*grīsidi	*grīsai	*grīsadau	*grīsadai	*grīsaidau
1st dual	*grīsōz	*grīsaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*grīsadiz	*grīsaidiz	*grīsadiz	—	—
1st plural	*grīsamaz	*grīsaim	—	*grīsandai	*grīsaindau
2nd plural	*grīsid	*grīsaid	*grīsid	*grīsandai	*grīsaindau
3rd plural	*grīsandi	*grīsain	*grīsandau	*grīsandai	*grīsaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*grais	*grizį̄
2nd singular	*graist	*grizīz
3rd singular	*grais	*grizī
1st dual	*grizū	*grizīw
2nd dual	*grizudiz	*grizīdiz
1st plural	*grizum	*grizīm
2nd plural	*grizud	*grizīd
3rd plural	*grizun	*grizīn
	present	past
participles	*grīsandz	*grizanaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *grīsan
  • Old English: grīsan
    • Middle English: grīsen
      • English: grise
  • Old Dutch: *grīsan
    • Middle Dutch: grisen
      • ⇒ Dutch: afgrijzen (obsolete except as gerund)