Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fūlijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *fūlaz (“dirty”) +‎ *-janą.

Verb

*fūlijaną

to befoul, make dirty

Inflection

Conjugation of *fūlijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*fūlijō	*fūlijaų	—	*fūlijai	?
2nd singular	*fūlīsi	*fūlijais	*fūlī	*fūlijasai	*fūlijaisau
3rd singular	*fūlīþi	*fūlijai	*fūlijaþau	*fūlijaþai	*fūlijaiþau
1st dual	*fūlijōs	*fūlijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*fūlijaþiz	*fūlijaiþiz	*fūlijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*fūlijamaz	*fūlijaim	—	*fūlijanþai	*fūlijainþau
2nd plural	*fūlīþ	*fūlijaiþ	*fūlīþ	*fūlijanþai	*fūlijainþau
3rd plural	*fūlijanþi	*fūlijain	*fūlijanþau	*fūlijanþai	*fūlijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*fūlidǭ	*fūlidēdį̄
2nd singular	*fūlidēz	*fūlidēdīz
3rd singular	*fūlidē	*fūlidēdī
1st dual	*fūlidēdū	*fūlidēdīw
2nd dual	*fūlidēdudiz	*fūlidēdīdiz
1st plural	*fūlidēdum	*fūlidēdīm
2nd plural	*fūlidēdud	*fūlidēdīd
3rd plural	*fūlidēdun	*fūlidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*fūlijandz	*fūlidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *fūlijan
- Old English: fȳlan
  - Middle English: fulen, fuilen, filen
    - English: file
- Old Saxon: fūlian
  - Middle Low German: vü̂len
- Old Dutch: *fūlen
  - Middle Dutch: vulen (merged with the descendant of *fūlēn)
    - Dutch: vuilen
Old Norse: *fýla
- Icelandic: fýla
- Jamtish: fýłe