Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/birhtijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *berhtaz (“bright”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbirx.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*birhtijaną

1. to brighten, shine, make clear

Inflection

Conjugation of *birhtijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*birhtijō	*birhtijaų	—	*birhtijai	?
2nd singular	*birhtīsi	*birhtijais	*birhtī	*birhtijasai	*birhtijaisau
3rd singular	*birhtīþi	*birhtijai	*birhtijaþau	*birhtijaþai	*birhtijaiþau
1st dual	*birhtijōs	*birhtijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*birhtijaþiz	*birhtijaiþiz	*birhtijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*birhtijamaz	*birhtijaim	—	*birhtijanþai	*birhtijainþau
2nd plural	*birhtīþ	*birhtijaiþ	*birhtīþ	*birhtijanþai	*birhtijainþau
3rd plural	*birhtijanþi	*birhtijain	*birhtijanþau	*birhtijanþai	*birhtijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*birhtidǭ	*birhtidēdį̄
2nd singular	*birhtidēz	*birhtidēdīz
3rd singular	*birhtidē	*birhtidēdī
1st dual	*birhtidēdū	*birhtidēdīw
2nd dual	*birhtidēdudiz	*birhtidēdīdiz
1st plural	*birhtidēdum	*birhtidēdīm
2nd plural	*birhtidēdud	*birhtidēdīd
3rd plural	*birhtidēdun	*birhtidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*birhtijandz	*birhtidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *birhtijan
  • Old English: birhtan, brihtan, bierhtan, bryhtan, beorhtan
    • Middle English: brihten, briʒten, brighten, bryghten
      • English: brighten
• Old Norse: birta
  • Icelandic: birta
  • Faroese: birta
  • Norwegian: byrta
  • Old Danish: birta
  • Swedish: *birta (evidenced by a late derivation, birtan, attested in the 17th century)
• Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bairhtjan)