Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/Inguz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly from *inguz, *unguz (“mortal; man”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱús (“dead, mortal”), from *neḱ- (“to die, perish”) +‎ *-us.^[1] Thought to be the human incarnation of Nerthus, and the original name of the Norse fertility god Freyr.

Proper noun

*Inguz m^[2]^[3]

Ing, Yngvi, god of fertility
Son of Mannus, progenitor of the Ynglings and Ingaevones.
(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᛜ, ᛝ (ng)

Inflection

u-stemDeclension of *Inguz (u-stem)
	singular
nominative	*Inguz
vocative	*Ingu
accusative	*Ingų
genitive	*Ingauz
dative	*Ingiwi
instrumental	*Ingū

Derived terms

*Ingwiniz (< *Ingwiniz gen.sg. of *Ingwô, or + *winiz (“friend”))^[4]
- Proto-West Germanic: *Ingwini
  - Old English: Ingwina (gen.pl.) [Beowulf]
  - Old High German: Inguin
- Old Norse: Yngvin, Ynguni, Yngunni (West-Germanic borrowing?)
*Ingumēraz
*Ingwjamērijaz,^[5] *Ingwjamēraz (+ *mērijaz, *mēraz)
- → Latin: Inguiomerus
*Ingwô
- Proto-West Germanic: *Ingwō
  - Old Saxon: ᛝᚹ (*ingwe, gen.sg.)^{[n 1]}
  - → Late Latin: Inguo [9th c. CE, Codex Sangallensis 732]
- Old Norse: Yngvi
- >? Gothic: [ᛝ]ᛁ ([i(ng)]wi[n])^{[n 2]}
- → Latin: Ingaevōnēs, Ingvaeōnēs (+ -ōnēs)

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *Ingu
- Old English: Ing
  - → English: Ing (learned)
Old Norse: *Yngr
- ⇒ Old Norse: Ynglingr (+ -lingr)
Gothic: *𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌿𐍃 (*iggus) or *𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 (*iggws /⁠enguz⁠/)^{[n 3]}

Notes

^ Possible interpretation of Weser runebone inscription #4988, dated 355 – 410 CE.^[6]^[7]
^ Possible interpretation of the Ring of Pietroassa inscription.^[8]
^ Latin transcription from the Codex Vindobonensis 795. "Wulfilan" Gothic forms are scholarly reconstructions.^[9]^[10]

References

^ Krause, Wolfgang (1944) “Ing”, in Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, philologischhistorische Klaise, number 10, Göttingen
^ Kniezsa, Veronika (1990) “The orthographic aspect of the runes”, in Fisiak, Jacek, editor, Historical Linguistics and Philology (Trends in Linguistics: Studies & Monographs), Mouton De Gruyter, page 248
^ Inge in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)
^ Kaser, Max (1939) “Mores maiorum und Gewohnheitsrecht kaser”, in Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, →DOI
^ Rübekeil, Ludwig (2017–2018) “Chapter IX: Germanic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The dialectology of Germanic, page 991: “Gmc *Ingwjamē₁ri/jaz”
^ Pieper, Peter (1989) Die Weser-Runenknochen, Neue Untersuchungen zur Problematik: Original oder Fälschung, Oldenburg: Isensee, page 154
^ Elmer H., Antonsen (2002) Runes and Germanic Linguistics (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs), volume 140, Berlin, New York: Mouton De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 318
^ Harhoiu, Radu, Pieper, Peter, Nedoma, Robert (2003) “Pietroassa”, in Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, volume 23, Berlin, New York
^ Krause, Wolfgang (1968) Handbuch des Gotischen (in German), 3rd edition, Munich: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 64
^ Kirchhoff, A. (1854) Das gothische Runenalphabet: eine Abhandlung‎^[1], Berlin: Verlag von Wilhelm Hertz, page 48

[8] Possible interpretation of Weser runebone inscription #4988, dated 355 – 410 CE.^[6]^[7]

[10] Possible interpretation of the Ring of Pietroassa inscription.^[8]

[13] Latin transcription from the Codex Vindobonensis 795. "Wulfilan" Gothic forms are scholarly reconstructions.^[9]^[10]

[1] Krause, Wolfgang (1944) “Ing”, in Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, philologischhistorische Klaise, number 10, Göttingen

[2] Kniezsa, Veronika (1990) “The orthographic aspect of the runes”, in Fisiak, Jacek, editor, Historical Linguistics and Philology (Trends in Linguistics: Studies & Monographs), Mouton De Gruyter, page 248

[3] Inge in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

[4] Kaser, Max (1939) “Mores maiorum und Gewohnheitsrecht kaser”, in Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, →DOI

[5] Rübekeil, Ludwig (2017–2018) “Chapter IX: Germanic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The dialectology of Germanic, page 991: “Gmc *Ingwjamē₁ri/jaz”

[6] Pieper, Peter (1989) Die Weser-Runenknochen, Neue Untersuchungen zur Problematik: Original oder Fälschung, Oldenburg: Isensee, page 154

[7] Elmer H., Antonsen (2002) Runes and Germanic Linguistics (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs), volume 140, Berlin, New York: Mouton De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 318

[9] Harhoiu, Radu, Pieper, Peter, Nedoma, Robert (2003) “Pietroassa”, in Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, volume 23, Berlin, New York

[11] Krause, Wolfgang (1968) Handbuch des Gotischen (in German), 3rd edition, Munich: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 64

[12] Kirchhoff, A. (1854) Das gothische Runenalphabet: eine Abhandlung‎^[1], Berlin: Verlag von Wilhelm Hertz, page 48

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