Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/karkëda

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *karketa, akin to Komi курыд (kuryd, “bitter”), Udmurt курыт (kuryt, “bitter”). Derivation as *karvas (“bitter”) +‎ *-këda may also be possible.

Adjective

*karkëda

1. harsh
2. coarse, rough (of texture)

   Synonym: *karhëda

3. bitter, sharp (of taste)

   Synonyms: *kackëra, *karvas, *kirpedä

Inflection

Inflection of *karkëda

Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
		singular	plural
nominative		*karkëda	*karkëdat
accusative		*karkëdan	*karkëdat
genitive		*karkëdan	*karkëdadën *karkëdëidën
partitive		*karkëdata	*karkëdëita
inessive		*karkëdassa *karkëdahna	*karkëdëissa *karkëdëihna
elative		*karkëdasta	*karkëdëista
illative		*karkëdasën	*karkëdëisën
adessive		*karkëdalla	*karkëdëilla
ablative		*karkëdalta	*karkëdëilta
allative		*karkëdalën *karkëdalëk	*karkëdëilën *karkëdëilëk
essive		*karkëdana	*karkëdëina
translative		*karkëdaksi	*karkëdëiksi
instructive		*karkëdan	*karkëdëin
comitative		*karkëdanëk	*karkëdëinëk
abessive		*karkëdatta	*karkëdëitta

Derived terms

• *kargaictak

Descendants

• Estonian: karge
• Finnish: karkea
• Ingrian: karkia
• Karelian:
  • North Karelian: karkie
  • South Karelian: kargie
• Livvi: kargei
• Ludian: karged
• Veps: karged
• Votic: karka
• → Proto-Samic: *kārkkë
  • Northern Sami: gárkkis
  • Skolt Sami: [Term?] (kar̀ʿkkɐ̑ᴅ)
  • Akkala Sami: [script needed] (kark̄eđ)
  • Kildin Sami: коа̄ҏҏкэ (kåår̥r̥ke) (obsolete)
  • Ter Sami: [script needed] (kārhki̊ᵢt)

References

• “karge”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
• Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN