Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/jumala

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

Proto-Finno-Permic *juma (“sky, god”) +‎ *-la, probably borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dyūman- (“shining, divine”). First attested in 1026 in a description of St. Olaf's journey to Karelia, in which it appears in the form Jómali, referring to a holy statue, possibly of the sky god of the pagan Finns. May also be related to Baltic *Jumala in Latgalian Jumala (“goddess of harvest and fertility”), which could be borrowed from Finnic.

Noun

*jumala

1. god

Inflection

Inflection of *jumala

Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
		singular	plural
nominative		*jumala	*jumalat
accusative		*jumalan	*jumalat
genitive		*jumalan	*jumaladën *jumaloidën
partitive		*jumalata	*jumaloita
inessive		*jumalassa *jumalahna	*jumaloissa *jumaloihna
elative		*jumalasta	*jumaloista
illative		*jumalasën	*jumaloisën
adessive		*jumalalla	*jumaloilla
ablative		*jumalalta	*jumaloilta
allative		*jumalalën *jumalalëk	*jumaloilën *jumaloilëk
essive		*jumalana	*jumaloina
translative		*jumalaksi	*jumaloiksi
instructive		*jumalan	*jumaloin
comitative		*jumalanëk	*jumaloinëk
abessive		*jumalatta	*jumaloitta

Descendants

• Estonian: jumal
• Finnish: jumala
• Ingrian: jumala, (Soikkola) jummaala
• Karelian: jumala
• Livonian: jumāl
• Livvi: jumal
• Ludian: d'umal
• Veps: jumal
• Võro: jummal'
• Votic: jumalõ
• → Komi-Zyrian: Ёма (Joma) (from earlier *juma)
• → Sami:
  • → Southern Sami: Jupmele
  • → Lule Sami: jubmel
  • → Pite Sami: jupmêl
  • → Ume Sami: jybmela
  • → Northern Sami: ipmil
  • → Inari Sami: immeel
  • → Akkala Sami: юммель (jumm’el’)
  • → Kildin Sami: ӣммель (jimmjel’)
  • → Ter Sami: [script needed] (jimmel̜)