Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/wādsketi

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Usually derived from a *-sḱéti formation to Proto-Indo-European *wedʰh₁- (“to push”), but the presence of a non-zero-grade root with this suffix in Celtic is irregular, which has led to Matasović^[1] and Le Mair to express serious doubts.^[2]

Verb

*wādsketi

to press

Inflection

Thematic present
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*wādskū	*wādskemam	?	—
2nd singular	*wādskesi	*wādsketās	?	—
3rd singular	*wādsketi	*wādsketo	?	—
1st plural	*wādskomosi	*wādskemo	?	—
2nd plural	*wādsketesi	*wādskestē	?	—
3rd plural	*wādskonti	*wādskento	?	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	?	?	—
2nd singular	?	?	*wādske
3rd singular	?	?	*wādsketou
1st plural	?	?	*wādskomos
2nd plural	?	?	*wādskete
3rd plural	?	?	*wādskontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*wādskūr	—	?	—
2nd singular	*wādsketar	—	?	—
3rd singular	*wādsketor	?	?	—
1st plural	*wādskommor	—	?	—
2nd plural	*wādskedwe	—	?	—
3rd plural	*wādskontor	?	?	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	?	—	—
2nd singular	?	—	—
3rd singular	?	—	—
1st plural	?	—	—
2nd plural	?	—	—
3rd plural	?	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wādskonts	*wādskonte	*wādskontes
vocative	*wādskonts	*wādskonte	*wādskontes
accusative	*wādskontam	*wādskonte	*wādskontans
genitive	*wādskantos	*?	*wādskantom
dative	*wādskantei	*wādskantbom	*wādskantbos
instrumental	*wādskantī?	*wādskantbim	*wādskantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wādskantī	*wādskantī	*wādskantiyās
vocative	*wādskantī	*wādskantī	*wādskantiyās
accusative	*wādskantīm	*wādskantī	*wādskantiyans
genitive	*wādskantyās	*?	*wādskantyom
dative	*wādskantyāi	*wādskantyābom	*wādskantyābos
instrumental	*?	*wādskantyābim	*wādskantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wādskont	*?	*wādskonta
vocative	*wādskont	*?	*wādskonta
accusative	*wādskont	*?	*wādskonta
genitive	*wādskantos	*?	*wādskantom
dative	*wādskantei	*?	*wādskantbos
instrumental	*wādskantī?	*?	*wādskantbis

Reconstruction notes

The root vowel between Brittonic and Goidelic has a discrepancy: in Goidelic it is long, while in Brittonic it is short.
- Le Mair presumes the long vowel is primary, and that Brittonic must have shortened the vowel secondarily.
- Zair instead reconstructs separate formations: *wād(a)sketi for Goidelic, and *wod(a)sketi for Brittonic.^[3]

Derived terms

*wādskos

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *gwöskɨd (absolute), *gwosk (conjunct)
- ⇒ Old Breton: demguescim
- Middle Breton: goascaff
  - Breton: gwaskañ
- Cornish: guasga
- Middle Welsh: gwasgu, gwascu
  - Welsh: gwasgu
Middle Irish: fáiscid
- Irish: fáisc
- Scottish Gaelic: fàisg
- Manx: faast, faastey

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wā(d)-sko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 401
^ Le Mair, Esther (2011 September 30) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses, Galway: National University of Ireland, page 171
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 164

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wā(d)-sko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 401

[2] Le Mair, Esther (2011 September 30) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses, Galway: National University of Ireland, page 171

[3] Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 164

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