Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/uɸoreteti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

*uɸo- +‎ *reteti; the meaning "to help" appears to be a semantic loan from Latin succurrō.

Verb

*uɸoreteti

1. to help

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*uɸoretū	*uɸoretemam	?	*uɸorāta
2nd singular	*uɸoretesi	*uɸoretetās	?	*uɸorātas?
3rd singular	*uɸoreteti	*uɸoreteto	?	*uɸorāte
1st plural	*uɸoretomosi	*uɸoretemo	?	*uɸorātmo
2nd plural	*uɸoretetesi	*uɸoretestē	?	*uɸorāsse
3rd plural	*uɸoretonti	*uɸoretento	?	*uɸorātars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*uɸoretsū	?	—
2nd singular	*uɸoretsesi	?	*uɸorete
3rd singular	*uɸoretseti	?	*uɸoretetou
1st plural	*uɸoretsomosi	?	*uɸoretomos
2nd plural	*uɸoretsetesi	?	*uɸoretete
3rd plural	*uɸoretsonti	?	*uɸoretontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*uɸoretūr	—	?	*uɸorātra
2nd singular	*uɸoretetar	—	?	*uɸorātras?
3rd singular	*uɸoretetor	?	?	*uɸorātre
1st plural	*uɸoretommor	—	?	?
2nd plural	*uɸoretedwe	—	?	?
3rd plural	*uɸoretontor	?	?	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*uɸoretsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*uɸoretsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*uɸoretsetor	—	—
1st plural	*uɸoretsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*uɸoretsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*uɸoretsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*uɸoretonts	*uɸoretonte	*uɸoretontes
vocative	*uɸoretonts	*uɸoretonte	*uɸoretontes
accusative	*uɸoretontam	*uɸoretonte	*uɸoretontans
genitive	*uɸoretantos	*?	*uɸoretantom
dative	*uɸoretantei	*uɸoretantbom	*uɸoretantbos
instrumental	*uɸoretantī?	*uɸoretantbim	*uɸoretantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*uɸoretantī	*uɸoretantī	*uɸoretantiyās
vocative	*uɸoretantī	*uɸoretantī	*uɸoretantiyās
accusative	*uɸoretantīm	*uɸoretantī	*uɸoretantiyans
genitive	*uɸoretantyās	*?	*uɸoretantyom
dative	*uɸoretantyāi	*uɸoretantyābom	*uɸoretantyābos
instrumental	*?	*uɸoretantyābim	*uɸoretantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*uɸoretont	*?	*uɸoretonta
vocative	*uɸoretont	*?	*uɸoretonta
accusative	*uɸoretont	*?	*uɸoretonta
genitive	*uɸoretantos	*?	*uɸoretantom
dative	*uɸoretantei	*?	*uɸoretantbos
instrumental	*uɸoretantī?	*?	*uɸoretantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*uɸoretomnos	*uɸoretomnou	*uɸoretomnoi
vocative	*uɸoretomne	*uɸoretomnou	*uɸoretomnoi
accusative	*uɸoretomnom	*uɸoretomnou	*uɸoretomnons
genitive	*uɸoretomnī	*uɸoretomnous	*uɸoretomnom
dative	*uɸoretomnūi	*uɸoretomnobom	*uɸoretomnobos
instrumental	*uɸoretomnū	*uɸoretomnobim	*uɸoretomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*uɸoretomnā	*uɸoretomnai	*uɸoretomnās
vocative	*uɸoretomnā	*uɸoretomnai	*uɸoretomnās
accusative	*uɸoretomnam	*uɸoretomnai	*uɸoretomnans
genitive	*uɸoretomnās	*uɸoretomnous	*uɸoretomnom
dative	*uɸoretomnai	*uɸoretomnābom	*uɸoretomnābos
instrumental	*?	*uɸoretomnābim	*uɸoretomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*uɸoretomnom	*uɸoretomnou	*uɸoretomnā
vocative	*uɸoretomnom	*uɸoretomnou	*uɸoretomnā
accusative	*uɸoretomnom	*uɸoretomnou	*uɸoretomnā
genitive	*uɸoretomnī	*uɸoretomnous	*uɸoretomnom
dative	*uɸoretomnūi	*uɸoretomnobom	*uɸoretomnobos
instrumental	*uɸoretomnū	*uɸoretomnobim	*uɸoretomnobis

Derived terms

• *uɸo-r(V)ts (compound root noun)
  • Old Irish: cobair (< *kom-uɸo-rVts)
  • Middle Irish: tóir (< *to-uɸo-rVts)

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *gwarėdɨd
  • Old Welsh: guorit (3sg present), guoraut (3sg preterite)
    • Middle Welsh: gwaret (“deliverance, salvation”)
      • Welsh: gwared, gwaredu
  • Middle Cornish: gueres
    • Cornish: gweres
  • Old Breton: guoret
    • Middle Breton: goret
• Old Irish: fo·reith