Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/trougos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Uncertain,^[1] but relations to Ancient Greek στρεύγομαι (streúgomai, “to be exhausted”) have been postulated.^[2]^[3]

Adjective

*trougos

miserable, wretched
pitiful, sad

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*trougos	*trougou	*trougoi
vocative	*trouge	*trougou	*trougoi
accusative	*trougom	*trougou	*trougoms
genitive	*trougī	*trougous	*trougom
dative	*trougūi	*trougobom	*trougobos
instrumental	*trougū	*trougobim	*trougobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*trougā	*trougai	*trougās
vocative	*trougā	*trougai	*trougās
accusative	*trougam	*trougai	*trougams
genitive	*trougās	*trougous	*trougom
dative	*trougai	*trougābom	*trougābos
instrumental	*?	*trougābim	*trougābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*trougom	*trougou	*trougā
vocative	*trougom	*trougou	*trougā
accusative	*trougom	*trougou	*trougā
genitive	*trougī	*trougous	*trougom
dative	*trougūi	*trougobom	*trougobos
instrumental	*trougū	*trougobim	*trougobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*trougyūs	*?	*trougyoses
vocative	*trougyūs	*?	*trougyoses
accusative	*trougyosam	*?	*trougyosams
genitive	*trougisos	*?	*trougisom
dative	*trougisei	*?	*trougisbos
instrumental	*trougisī	*?	*trougisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*trougyūs	*?	*trougyoses
vocative	*trougyūs	*?	*trougyoses
accusative	*trougyosam	*?	*trougyosams
genitive	*trougisos	*?	*trougisom
dative	*trougisei	*?	*trougisbos
instrumental	*trougisī	*?	*trougisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*trougis	*?	*?
vocative	*trougis	*?	*?
accusative	*trougis	*?	*?
genitive	*trougisos	*?	*trougisom
dative	*trougisei	*?	*trougisbos
instrumental	*trougisī	*?	*trougisbis

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *trʉɣ
- Middle Breton: tru
- Old Welsh: tru
  - Middle Welsh: tru
    - Welsh: tru
Old Irish: trúag, tróg
- Middle Irish: trúag, tróg
  - Irish: trua (adjective)
  - Manx: treih
  - Scottish Gaelic: truagh

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*trowgo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 390
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 234

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*trowgo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 390

[2] Delamarre, Xavier (2003) Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN

[3] Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 234

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