Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/swannati
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From a nasal present to Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”).[1]
Verb
[edit]*swannati
- to produce sound
Inflection
[edit]| Seṭ-root athematic present with stem ablaut, suffixless preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *swannāmi | *swannamam | *siswansū | *seswona |
| 2nd singular | *swannāsi | *swannatās | *siswansesi | *seswonas? |
| 3rd singular | *swannāti | *swannato | *siswanseti | *seswone |
| 1st plural | *swannamosi | *swannamo | *siswansomosi | *seswonmo |
| 2nd plural | *swannatesi | *swannastē | *siswansetesi | *seswone |
| 3rd plural | *swannanti | *swannanto | *siswansonti | *seswonars |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *swenū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *swenesi | ? | *swannā | |
| 3rd singular | *sweneti | ? | *swannātou | |
| 1st plural | *swenomosi | ? | *swannamos | |
| 2nd plural | *swenetesi | ? | *swannate | |
| 3rd plural | *swenonti | ? | *swannantou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *swannār | — | *siswansūr | *seswonra |
| 2nd singular | *swannātar | — | *siswansetar | *seswonras? |
| 3rd singular | *swannātor | ? | *siswansetor | *seswonre |
| 1st plural | *swannammor | — | *siswansommor | ? |
| 2nd plural | *swannadwe | — | *siswansedwe | ? |
| 3rd plural | *swannantor | ? | *siswansontor | ? |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *swenūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *swenetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *swenetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *swenommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *swenedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *swenontor | — | — | |
| Declension of the past participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *swantos | *swantou | *swantoi |
| vocative | *swante | *swantou | *swantoi |
| accusative | *swantom | *swantou | *swantoms |
| genitive | *swantī | *swantous | *swantom |
| dative | *swantūi | *swantobom | *swantobos |
| instrumental | *swantū | *swantobim | *swantobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *swantā | *swantai | *swantās |
| vocative | *swantā | *swantai | *swantās |
| accusative | *swantam | *swantai | *swantams |
| genitive | *swantās | *swantous | *swantom |
| dative | *swantai | *swantābom | *swantābos |
| instrumental | *? | *swantābim | *swantābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *swantom | *swantou | *swantā |
| vocative | *swantom | *swantou | *swantā |
| accusative | *swantom | *swantou | *swantā |
| genitive | *swantī | *swantous | *swantom |
| dative | *swantūi | *swantobom | *swantobos |
| instrumental | *swantū | *swantobim | *swantobis |
Reconstruction notes
[edit]- A neo-root *swenn- was spawned off this verb by Insular Celtic, from which *swannati was itself reformed to a simple thematic verb *swenneti and the o-grade derivative in Welsh honni was derived.[2]
- This verb contaminated most reflexes of unrelated but similarly-shaped *sannati (“to reach”) in Irish.
Derived terms
[edit]- *swonnīti (o-grade iterative)[3]
Descendants
[edit]- Old Irish: seinnid (“to play a musical instrument”)
References
[edit]- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swan-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 360–361
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 607-608
- ^ Stifter, David (2023) “The rise of gemination in Celtic”, in Open Research Europe[1], volume 3, number 24, , page 20