Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/swannati

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From a nasal present to Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”).^[1]

Verb

*swannati

to produce sound

Inflection

Nasal-infix athematic present with stem ablaut to an h₂-final root, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*swannāmi	*swannamam	*siswansū	*seswona
2nd singular	*swannāsi	*swannatās	*siswansesi	*seswonas?
3rd singular	*swannāti	*swannato	*siswanseti	*seswone
1st plural	*swannamosi	*swannamo	*siswansomosi	*seswonmo
2nd plural	*swannatesi	*swannastē	*siswansetesi	*seswone
3rd plural	*swannanti	*swannanto	*siswansonti	*seswonars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*swenū	?	—
2nd singular	*swenesi	?	*swannā
3rd singular	*sweneti	?	*swannātou
1st plural	*swenomosi	?	*swannamos
2nd plural	*swenetesi	?	*swannate
3rd plural	*swenonti	?	*swannantou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*swannār	—	*siswansūr	*seswonra
2nd singular	*swannātar	—	*siswansetar	*seswonras?
3rd singular	*swannātor	?	*siswansetor	*seswonre
1st plural	*swannammor	—	*siswansommor	?
2nd plural	*swannadwe	—	*siswansedwe	?
3rd plural	*swannantor	?	*siswansontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*swenūr	—	—
2nd singular	*swenetar	—	—
3rd singular	*swenetor	—	—
1st plural	*swenommor	—	—
2nd plural	*swenedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*swenontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swannonts	*swannonte	*swannontes
vocative	*swannonts	*swannonte	*swannontes
accusative	*swannontam	*swannonte	*swannontans
genitive	*swannantos	*?	*swannantom
dative	*swannantei	*swannantbom	*swannantbos
instrumental	*swannantī?	*swannantbim	*swannantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swannantī	*swannantī	*swannantiyās
vocative	*swannantī	*swannantī	*swannantiyās
accusative	*swannantīm	*swannantī	*swannantiyans
genitive	*swannantyās	*?	*swannantyom
dative	*swannantyāi	*swannantyābom	*swannantyābos
instrumental	*?	*swannantyābim	*swannantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swannont	*?	*swannonta
vocative	*swannont	*?	*swannonta
accusative	*swannont	*?	*swannonta
genitive	*swannantos	*?	*swannantom
dative	*swannantei	*?	*swannantbos
instrumental	*swannantī?	*?	*swannantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swannamnos	*swannamnou	*swannamnoi
vocative	*swannamne	*swannamnou	*swannamnoi
accusative	*swannamnom	*swannamnou	*swannamnons
genitive	*swannamnī	*swannamnous	*swannamnom
dative	*swannamnūi	*swannamnobom	*swannamnobos
instrumental	*swannamnū	*swannamnobim	*swannamnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swannamnā	*swannamnai	*swannamnās
vocative	*swannamnā	*swannamnai	*swannamnās
accusative	*swannamnam	*swannamnai	*swannamnans
genitive	*swannamnās	*swannamnous	*swannamnom
dative	*swannamnai	*swannamnābom	*swannamnābos
instrumental	*?	*swannamnābim	*swannamnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swannamnom	*swannamnou	*swannamnā
vocative	*swannamnom	*swannamnou	*swannamnā
accusative	*swannamnom	*swannamnou	*swannamnā
genitive	*swannamnī	*swannamnous	*swannamnom
dative	*swannamnūi	*swannamnobom	*swannamnobos
instrumental	*swannamnū	*swannamnobim	*swannamnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swantos	*swantou	*swantoi
vocative	*swante	*swantou	*swantoi
accusative	*swantom	*swantou	*swantons
genitive	*swantī	*swantous	*swantom
dative	*swantūi	*swantobom	*swantobos
instrumental	*swantū	*swantobim	*swantobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swantā	*swantai	*swantās
vocative	*swantā	*swantai	*swantās
accusative	*swantam	*swantai	*swantans
genitive	*swantās	*swantous	*swantom
dative	*swantai	*swantābom	*swantābos
instrumental	*?	*swantābim	*swantābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swantom	*swantou	*swantā
vocative	*swantom	*swantou	*swantā
accusative	*swantom	*swantou	*swantā
genitive	*swantī	*swantous	*swantom
dative	*swantūi	*swantobom	*swantobos
instrumental	*swantū	*swantobim	*swantobis

Reconstruction notes

A neo-root *swenn- was spawned off this verb by Insular Celtic, from which *swannati was itself reformed to a simple thematic verb *swenneti and the o-grade derivative in Welsh honni was derived.^[2]
This verb contaminated most reflexes of unrelated but similarly-shaped *sannati (“to reach”) in Irish.

Derived terms

*swonnīti (o-grade iterative)^[3]
- Proto-Brythonic:
  - Middle Welsh: honni
    - Welsh: honni (“to claim, assert”)

Descendants

Old Irish: seinnid (“to play a musical instrument”)

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swan-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 360–361
^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 607-608
^ Stifter, David (2023) “The rise of gemination in Celtic”, in Open Research Europe‎^[1], volume 3, number 24, →DOI, page 20

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swan-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 360–361

[2] Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 607-608

[3] Stifter, David (2023) “The rise of gemination in Celtic”, in Open Research Europe‎^[1], volume 3, number 24, →DOI, page 20

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