Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/sukkos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *súH-s (“pig”), possibly through:

• earlier *sukos, geminated under the influence of *mokkus (“pig”), from Proto-Indo-European *su(H)-k-ó-s (compare the ungeminated cognate Proto-West Germanic *sugu (“female pig”) < *su(H)-ké-h₂), from *súH-s +‎ *-k- (velar extension) +‎ *-ós with unexplained loss of the laryngeal or pretonic shortening (the disputed "Dybo's law");
• Proto-Indo-European *su-k-ko-s, from *súH-s +‎ *-k- (intrusive velar) +‎ *-kos;
• earlier *suɸkus, from Proto-Indo-European *suH-pḱu-s, from *súH-s +‎ *péḱu (“livestock”).

For a parallel sense development, compare cognates in Ancient Greek ὗς (hûs, “pig”) and ὕνις (húnis, “plowshare”).

Noun

*sukkos m

1. pig (snout)
2. plowshare

Inflection

Masculine o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sukkos	*sukkou	*sukkoi
vocative	*sukke	*sukkou	*sukkoi
accusative	*sukkom	*sukkou	*sukkoms
genitive	*sukkī	*sukkous	*sukkom
dative	*sukkūi	*sukkobom	*sukkobos
locative	*sukkei	*?	*?
instrumental	*sukkū	*sukkobim	*sukkūis

Alternative reconstructions

• *sukkus

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *hux (“pig”)
  • Old Breton: hoch
    • Middle Breton: hoc’h, houc’h
      • Breton: soc’h
  • Old Cornish: hoch
    • Cornish: hogh
  • Welsh: hwch
  • →? Old English: hogg (“hog”) (see there for further descendants)
• Middle Irish: socc (“snout; plowshare”)
  • Irish: soc
• → Vulgar Latin: *soccus (“plowshare”)
  • Old French: soc
    • Middle French: soc
      • French: soc
    • ⇒ Old French: soket
      • → Middle English: socket, soket
        • English: socket
  • →? Proto-Brythonic: *sux (“plowshare”)
    • Middle Breton: souch
      • Breton: soc’h
    • Welsh: swch