Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/skokīti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *skek-, whence also Proto-Germanic *skehaną and Proto-Slavic *skočiti.^[1]

Verb

*skokīti

to move, stir

Inflection

There were two related verbs, a weak verb *skokīti and a strong verb *skeketi.^[2] In Old Irish, the present stem of the strong verb fell out of use but the rest of the paradigm, like the subjunctive and preterite, remained.

Ī-present
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*skokeyū	*skokīmam	?	—
2nd singular	*skokīsi	*skokītās	?	—
3rd singular	*skokīti	*skokīto	?	—
1st plural	*skokeyomosi	*skokīmo	?	—
2nd plural	*skokītesi	*skokīstē	?	—
3rd plural	*skokeyonti	*skokīnto	?	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	?	?	—
2nd singular	?	?	*skokī
3rd singular	?	?	*skokītou
1st plural	?	?	*skokeyomos
2nd plural	?	?	*skokīte
3rd plural	?	?	*skokeyontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*skokeyūr	—	?	—
2nd singular	*skokītar	—	?	—
3rd singular	*skokītor	?	?	—
1st plural	*skokeyommor	—	?	—
2nd plural	*skokīdwe	—	?	—
3rd plural	*skokeyontor	?	?	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	?	—	—
2nd singular	?	—	—
3rd singular	?	—	—
1st plural	?	—	—
2nd plural	?	—	—
3rd plural	?	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*skokeyonts	*skokeyonte	*skokeyontes
vocative	*skokeyonts	*skokeyonte	*skokeyontes
accusative	*skokeyontam	*skokeyonte	*skokeyontans
genitive	*skokeyantos	*?	*skokeyantom
dative	*skokeyantei	*skokeyantbom	*skokeyantbos
instrumental	*skokeyantī?	*skokeyantbim	*skokeyantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*skokeyantī	*skokeyantī	*skokeyantiyās
vocative	*skokeyantī	*skokeyantī	*skokeyantiyās
accusative	*skokeyantīm	*skokeyantī	*skokeyantiyans
genitive	*skokeyantyās	*?	*skokeyantyom
dative	*skokeyantyāi	*skokeyantyābom	*skokeyantyābos
instrumental	*?	*skokeyantyābim	*skokeyantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*skokeyont	*?	*skokeyonta
vocative	*skokeyont	*?	*skokeyonta
accusative	*skokeyont	*?	*skokeyonta
genitive	*skokeyantos	*?	*skokeyantom
dative	*skokeyantei	*?	*skokeyantbos
instrumental	*skokeyantī?	*?	*skokeyantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*skokeyomnos	*skokeyomnou	*skokeyomnoi
vocative	*skokeyomne	*skokeyomnou	*skokeyomnoi
accusative	*skokeyomnom	*skokeyomnou	*skokeyomnons
genitive	*skokeyomnī	*skokeyomnous	*skokeyomnom
dative	*skokeyomnūi	*skokeyomnobom	*skokeyomnobos
instrumental	*skokeyomnū	*skokeyomnobim	*skokeyomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*skokeyomnā	*skokeyomnai	*skokeyomnās
vocative	*skokeyomnā	*skokeyomnai	*skokeyomnās
accusative	*skokeyomnam	*skokeyomnai	*skokeyomnans
genitive	*skokeyomnās	*skokeyomnous	*skokeyomnom
dative	*skokeyomnai	*skokeyomnābom	*skokeyomnābos
instrumental	*?	*skokeyomnābim	*skokeyomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*skokeyomnom	*skokeyomnou	*skokeyomnā
vocative	*skokeyomnom	*skokeyomnou	*skokeyomnā
accusative	*skokeyomnom	*skokeyomnou	*skokeyomnā
genitive	*skokeyomnī	*skokeyomnous	*skokeyomnom
dative	*skokeyomnūi	*skokeyomnobom	*skokeyomnobos
instrumental	*skokeyomnū	*skokeyomnobim	*skokeyomnobis

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*skekū	*skekemam	?	*skāka
2nd singular	*skekesi	*skeketās	?	*skākas?
3rd singular	*skeketi	*skeketo	?	*skāke
1st plural	*skekomosi	*skekemo	?	*skākmo
2nd plural	*skeketesi	*skekestē	?	*skāxte
3rd plural	*skekonti	*skekento	?	*skākars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*skexsū	?	—
2nd singular	*skexsesi	?	*skeke
3rd singular	*skexseti	?	*skeketou
1st plural	*skexsomosi	?	*skekomos
2nd plural	*skexsetesi	?	*skekete
3rd plural	*skexsonti	?	*skekontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*skekūr	—	?	*skākra
2nd singular	*skeketar	—	?	*skākras?
3rd singular	*skeketor	?	?	*skākre
1st plural	*skekommor	—	?	?
2nd plural	*skekedwe	—	?	?
3rd plural	*skekontor	?	?	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*skexsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*skexsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*skexsetor	—	—
1st plural	*skexsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*skexsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*skexsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*skekonts	*skekonte	*skekontes
vocative	*skekonts	*skekonte	*skekontes
accusative	*skekontam	*skekonte	*skekontans
genitive	*skekantos	*?	*skekantom
dative	*skekantei	*skekantbom	*skekantbos
instrumental	*skekantī?	*skekantbim	*skekantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*skekantī	*skekantī	*skekantiyās
vocative	*skekantī	*skekantī	*skekantiyās
accusative	*skekantīm	*skekantī	*skekantiyans
genitive	*skekantyās	*?	*skekantyom
dative	*skekantyāi	*skekantyābom	*skekantyābos
instrumental	*?	*skekantyābim	*skekantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*skekont	*?	*skekonta
vocative	*skekont	*?	*skekonta
accusative	*skekont	*?	*skekonta
genitive	*skekantos	*?	*skekantom
dative	*skekantei	*?	*skekantbos
instrumental	*skekantī?	*?	*skekantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*skekomnos	*skekomnou	*skekomnoi
vocative	*skekomne	*skekomnou	*skekomnoi
accusative	*skekomnom	*skekomnou	*skekomnons
genitive	*skekomnī	*skekomnous	*skekomnom
dative	*skekomnūi	*skekomnobom	*skekomnobos
instrumental	*skekomnū	*skekomnobim	*skekomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*skekomnā	*skekomnai	*skekomnās
vocative	*skekomnā	*skekomnai	*skekomnās
accusative	*skekomnam	*skekomnai	*skekomnans
genitive	*skekomnās	*skekomnous	*skekomnom
dative	*skekomnai	*skekomnābom	*skekomnābos
instrumental	*?	*skekomnābim	*skekomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*skekomnom	*skekomnou	*skekomnā
vocative	*skekomnom	*skekomnou	*skekomnā
accusative	*skekomnom	*skekomnou	*skekomnā
genitive	*skekomnī	*skekomnous	*skekomnom
dative	*skekomnūi	*skekomnobom	*skekomnobos
instrumental	*skekomnū	*skekomnobim	*skekomnobis

Derived terms

*dī-skokīti
- ⇒ Breton: diskogellañ
*kom-uss-skokīti
- Old Irish: con·oscaigi
*to-ɸro-uss-skokīti
- Old Irish: do·róscai

Related terms

*skeketi
- Old Irish: ro·scáich (3sg perfect), ·roisc (3sg subjunctive)

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *skogid
- Middle Welsh: ysgogi
  - Welsh: ysgogi
Middle Irish: scuichid

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*skek-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 341
^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 380

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*skek-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 341

[2] Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 380

[1]

[2]