Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/luweti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to loosen, set free”). Cognate to Latin luō (“to set free”) and Ancient Greek λύω (lúō, “to loosen”).^[1]

Verb

*luweti

to come loose

Inflection

Thematic present
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*luwū	*luwemam	*lilūsū	—
2nd singular	*luwesi	*luwetās	*lilūsesi	—
3rd singular	*luweti	*luweto	*lilūseti	—
1st plural	*luwomosi	*luwemo	*lilūsomosi	—
2nd plural	*luwetesi	*luwestē	*lilūsetesi	—
3rd plural	*luwonti	*luwento	*lilūsonti	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*luwasū	?	—
2nd singular	*luwasesi	?	*luwe
3rd singular	*luwaseti	?	*luwetou
1st plural	*luwasomosi	?	*luwomos
2nd plural	*luwasetesi	?	*luwete
3rd plural	*luwasonti	?	*luwontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*luwūr	—	*lilūsūr	—
2nd singular	*luwetar	—	*lilūsetar	—
3rd singular	*luwetor	?	*lilūsetor	—
1st plural	*luwommor	—	*lilūsommor	—
2nd plural	*luwedwe	—	*lilūsedwe	—
3rd plural	*luwontor	?	*lilūsontor	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*luwasūr	—	—
2nd singular	*luwasetar	—	—
3rd singular	*luwasetor	—	—
1st plural	*luwasommor	—	—
2nd plural	*luwasedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*luwasontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*luwonts	*luwonte	*luwontes
vocative	*luwonts	*luwonte	*luwontes
accusative	*luwontam	*luwonte	*luwontans
genitive	*luwantos	*?	*luwantom
dative	*luwantei	*luwantbom	*luwantbos
instrumental	*luwantī?	*luwantbim	*luwantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*luwantī	*luwantī	*luwantiyās
vocative	*luwantī	*luwantī	*luwantiyās
accusative	*luwantīm	*luwantī	*luwantiyans
genitive	*luwantyās	*?	*luwantyom
dative	*luwantyāi	*luwantyābom	*luwantyābos
instrumental	*?	*luwantyābim	*luwantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*luwont	*?	*luwonta
vocative	*luwont	*?	*luwonta
accusative	*luwont	*?	*luwonta
genitive	*luwantos	*?	*luwantom
dative	*luwantei	*?	*luwantbos
instrumental	*luwantī?	*?	*luwantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*luwomnos	*luwomnou	*luwomnoi
vocative	*luwomne	*luwomnou	*luwomnoi
accusative	*luwomnom	*luwomnou	*luwomnons
genitive	*luwomnī	*luwomnous	*luwomnom
dative	*luwomnūi	*luwomnobom	*luwomnobos
instrumental	*luwomnū	*luwomnobim	*luwomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*luwomnā	*luwomnai	*luwomnās
vocative	*luwomnā	*luwomnai	*luwomnās
accusative	*luwomnam	*luwomnai	*luwomnans
genitive	*luwomnās	*luwomnous	*luwomnom
dative	*luwomnai	*luwomnābom	*luwomnābos
instrumental	*?	*luwomnābim	*luwomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*luwomnom	*luwomnou	*luwomnā
vocative	*luwomnom	*luwomnou	*luwomnā
accusative	*luwomnom	*luwomnou	*luwomnā
genitive	*luwomnī	*luwomnous	*luwomnom
dative	*luwomnūi	*luwomnobom	*luwomnobos
instrumental	*luwomnū	*luwomnobim	*luwomnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*lutos	*lutou	*lutoi
vocative	*lute	*lutou	*lutoi
accusative	*lutom	*lutou	*lutons
genitive	*lutī	*lutous	*lutom
dative	*lutūi	*lutobom	*lutobos
instrumental	*lutū	*lutobim	*lutobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*lutā	*lutai	*lutās
vocative	*lutā	*lutai	*lutās
accusative	*lutam	*lutai	*lutans
genitive	*lutās	*lutous	*lutom
dative	*lutai	*lutābom	*lutābos
instrumental	*?	*lutābim	*lutābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*lutom	*lutou	*lutā
vocative	*lutom	*lutou	*lutā
accusative	*lutom	*lutou	*lutā
genitive	*lutī	*lutous	*lutom
dative	*lutūi	*lutobom	*lutobos
instrumental	*lutū	*lutobim	*lutobis

Descendants

This verb did not survive as a simple verb in Old Irish, and the derivatives were conflated with unrelated luithir (“to move”), given how the present stem of as·luí is usually as·lu- instead of the expected *as-lo- with a merger of -ow- and -uw-;^[2] contrast Old Irish soïd from Proto-Celtic *suweti. A list of derived terms will be provided below:

⇒ Old Irish: as·luí
⇒ Old Irish: as·comlai
⇒ Old Irish: con·úalai
⇒ Old Irish: do·cumlai
⇒ Middle Irish: con·luí
⇒ Middle Irish: do·élai

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*luw-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 250
^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 463

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*luw-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 250

[2] Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 463

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