Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kreteti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake”). Matasović attempts to rationalize the semantics as "shake" > "hit" > "approach".^[1] German stoßen may be compared for semantics.

Verb

*kreteti^[2]

to approach

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*kretū	*kretemam	*kikritsū	*krāta
2nd singular	*kretesi	*kretetās	*kikritsesi	*krātas?
3rd singular	*kreteti	*kreteto	*kikritseti	*krāte
1st plural	*kretomosi	*kretemo	*kikritsomosi	*krātmo
2nd plural	*kretetesi	*kretestē	*kikritsetesi	*krāsse
3rd plural	*kretonti	*kretento	*kikritsonti	*krātars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*kretsū	?	—
2nd singular	*kretsesi	?	*krete
3rd singular	*kretseti	?	*kretetou
1st plural	*kretsomosi	?	*kretomos
2nd plural	*kretsetesi	?	*kretete
3rd plural	*kretsonti	?	*kretontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*kretūr	—	*kikritsūr	*krātra
2nd singular	*kretetar	—	*kikritsetar	*krātras?
3rd singular	*kretetor	?	*kikritsetor	*krātre
1st plural	*kretommor	—	*kikritsommor	?
2nd plural	*kretedwe	—	*kikritsedwe	?
3rd plural	*kretontor	?	*kikritsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*kretsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*kretsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*kretsetor	—	—
1st plural	*kretsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*kretsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*kretsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kretonts	*kretonte	*kretontes
vocative	*kretonts	*kretonte	*kretontes
accusative	*kretontam	*kretonte	*kretontans
genitive	*kretantos	*?	*kretantom
dative	*kretantei	*kretantbom	*kretantbos
instrumental	*kretantī?	*kretantbim	*kretantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kretantī	*kretantī	*kretantiyās
vocative	*kretantī	*kretantī	*kretantiyās
accusative	*kretantīm	*kretantī	*kretantiyans
genitive	*kretantyās	*?	*kretantyom
dative	*kretantyāi	*kretantyābom	*kretantyābos
instrumental	*?	*kretantyābim	*kretantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kretont	*?	*kretonta
vocative	*kretont	*?	*kretonta
accusative	*kretont	*?	*kretonta
genitive	*kretantos	*?	*kretantom
dative	*kretantei	*?	*kretantbos
instrumental	*kretantī?	*?	*kretantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kretomnos	*kretomnou	*kretomnoi
vocative	*kretomne	*kretomnou	*kretomnoi
accusative	*kretomnom	*kretomnou	*kretomnons
genitive	*kretomnī	*kretomnous	*kretomnom
dative	*kretomnūi	*kretomnobom	*kretomnobos
instrumental	*kretomnū	*kretomnobim	*kretomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kretomnā	*kretomnai	*kretomnās
vocative	*kretomnā	*kretomnai	*kretomnās
accusative	*kretomnam	*kretomnai	*kretomnans
genitive	*kretomnās	*kretomnous	*kretomnom
dative	*kretomnai	*kretomnābom	*kretomnābos
instrumental	*?	*kretomnābim	*kretomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kretomnom	*kretomnou	*kretomnā
vocative	*kretomnom	*kretomnou	*kretomnā
accusative	*kretomnom	*kretomnou	*kretomnā
genitive	*kretomnī	*kretomnous	*kretomnom
dative	*kretomnūi	*kretomnobom	*kretomnobos
instrumental	*kretomnū	*kretomnobim	*kretomnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*krissos	*krissou	*krissoi
vocative	*krisse	*krissou	*krissoi
accusative	*krissom	*krissou	*krissons
genitive	*krissī	*krissous	*krissom
dative	*krissūi	*krissobom	*krissobos
instrumental	*krissū	*krissobim	*krissobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*krissā	*krissai	*krissās
vocative	*krissā	*krissai	*krissās
accusative	*krissam	*krissai	*krissans
genitive	*krissās	*krissous	*krissom
dative	*krissai	*krissābom	*krissābos
instrumental	*?	*krissābim	*krissābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*krissom	*krissou	*krissā
vocative	*krissom	*krissou	*krissā
accusative	*krissom	*krissou	*krissā
genitive	*krissī	*krissous	*krissom
dative	*krissūi	*krissobom	*krissobos
instrumental	*krissū	*krissobim	*krissobis

Derived terms

*to-kreteti
- Middle Welsh: dygredu

Related terms

*krotīti (o-grade causative)
- Old Irish: crothaid (“to shake”)

Descendants

Old Breton: credam (pres 1sg)

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kret-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 222-223
^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 419

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kret-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 222-223

[2] Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 419

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