Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/grindeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreydʰ-, whence also Old Church Slavonic грѧсти (gręsti, “to go”) and Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌳 (grid).^[1] See Proto-Slavic *gręsti for more cognates.

Verb

*grindeti^[2]

to step, drive forth

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*grindū	*grindemam	*gigritsū	*gigroida
2nd singular	*grindesi	*grindetās	*gigritsesi	*gigroidas?
3rd singular	*grindeti	*grindeto	*gigritseti	*gigroide
1st plural	*grindomosi	*grindemo	*gigritsomosi	*gigroidmo
2nd plural	*grindetesi	*grindestē	*gigritsetesi	*gigroisse
3rd plural	*grindonti	*grindento	*gigritsonti	*gigroidars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*greitsū	?	—
2nd singular	*greitsesi	?	*grinde
3rd singular	*greitseti	?	*grindetou
1st plural	*greitsomosi	?	*grindomos
2nd plural	*greitsetesi	?	*grindete
3rd plural	*greitsonti	?	*grindontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*grindūr	—	*gigritsūr	*gigroidra
2nd singular	*grindetar	—	*gigritsetar	*gigroidras?
3rd singular	*grindetor	?	*gigritsetor	*gigroidre
1st plural	*grindommor	—	*gigritsommor	?
2nd plural	*grindedwe	—	*gigritsedwe	?
3rd plural	*grindontor	?	*gigritsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*greitsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*greitsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*greitsetor	—	—
1st plural	*greitsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*greitsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*greitsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*grindonts	*grindonte	*grindontes
vocative	*grindonts	*grindonte	*grindontes
accusative	*grindontam	*grindonte	*grindontans
genitive	*grindantos	*?	*grindantom
dative	*grindantei	*grindantbom	*grindantbos
instrumental	*grindantī?	*grindantbim	*grindantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*grindantī	*grindantī	*grindantiyās
vocative	*grindantī	*grindantī	*grindantiyās
accusative	*grindantīm	*grindantī	*grindantiyans
genitive	*grindantyās	*?	*grindantyom
dative	*grindantyāi	*grindantyābom	*grindantyābos
instrumental	*?	*grindantyābim	*grindantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*grindont	*?	*grindonta
vocative	*grindont	*?	*grindonta
accusative	*grindont	*?	*grindonta
genitive	*grindantos	*?	*grindantom
dative	*grindantei	*?	*grindantbos
instrumental	*grindantī?	*?	*grindantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*grindomnos	*grindomnou	*grindomnoi
vocative	*grindomne	*grindomnou	*grindomnoi
accusative	*grindomnom	*grindomnou	*grindomnons
genitive	*grindomnī	*grindomnous	*grindomnom
dative	*grindomnūi	*grindomnobom	*grindomnobos
instrumental	*grindomnū	*grindomnobim	*grindomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*grindomnā	*grindomnai	*grindomnās
vocative	*grindomnā	*grindomnai	*grindomnās
accusative	*grindomnam	*grindomnai	*grindomnans
genitive	*grindomnās	*grindomnous	*grindomnom
dative	*grindomnai	*grindomnābom	*grindomnābos
instrumental	*?	*grindomnābim	*grindomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*grindomnom	*grindomnou	*grindomnā
vocative	*grindomnom	*grindomnou	*grindomnā
accusative	*grindomnom	*grindomnou	*grindomnā
genitive	*grindomnī	*grindomnous	*grindomnom
dative	*grindomnūi	*grindomnobom	*grindomnobos
instrumental	*grindomnū	*grindomnobim	*grindomnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*grissos	*grissou	*grissoi
vocative	*grisse	*grissou	*grissoi
accusative	*grissom	*grissou	*grissons
genitive	*grissī	*grissous	*grissom
dative	*grissūi	*grissobom	*grissobos
instrumental	*grissū	*grissobim	*grissobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*grissā	*grissai	*grissās
vocative	*grissā	*grissai	*grissās
accusative	*grissam	*grissai	*grissans
genitive	*grissās	*grissous	*grissom
dative	*grissai	*grissābom	*grissābos
instrumental	*?	*grissābim	*grissābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*grissom	*grissou	*grissā
vocative	*grissom	*grissou	*grissā
accusative	*grissom	*grissou	*grissā
genitive	*grissī	*grissous	*grissom
dative	*grissūi	*grissobom	*grissobos
instrumental	*grissū	*grissobim	*grissobis

Derived terms

*eni-grindeti
- Old Irish: in·greinn
*to-grindeti
- Old Irish: do·greinn
*uɸo-uss-grindeti
- Middle Welsh: gosgryn
*to-uɸo-uss-grindeti
- Middle Welsh: dygwesgryn
*writ-grindeti
- Middle Welsh: gwrthryn
*to-writ-grindeti
- Middle Welsh: dygwrthryn

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *grɨnnjọd
- Middle Welsh: grynio, grynu, grynnyaw, grynnyau
  - Welsh: grynio

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gri-n-d-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 168
^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 353-355

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gri-n-d-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 168

[2] Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 353-355

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