Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gʷaros

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer-; whether this root is the same root as the one meaning "warm" is disputed.^[1]

Binchy,^[1] Matasović^[2] and Gordon^[3] stand by identifying the root of this word as *gʷʰer- (“warm”).
Schrijver denies any relation to *gʷʰer- (“warm”), but instead reconstructs a homophonous root meaning "to compensate, be worth something", and links this to Germanic derivatives of Proto-Germanic *werþaz (“worth”); this putative root would be unlikely to be of Proto-Indo-European provenance.^[4]

Adjective

*gʷaros

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷaros	*gʷarou	*gʷaroi
vocative	*gʷare	*gʷarou	*gʷaroi
accusative	*gʷarom	*gʷarou	*gʷaroms
genitive	*gʷarī	*gʷarous	*gʷarom
dative	*gʷarūi	*gʷarobom	*gʷarobos
instrumental	*gʷarū	*gʷarobim	*gʷarobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷarā	*gʷarai	*gʷarās
vocative	*gʷarā	*gʷarai	*gʷarās
accusative	*gʷaram	*gʷarai	*gʷarams
genitive	*gʷarās	*gʷarous	*gʷarom
dative	*gʷarai	*gʷarābom	*gʷarābos
instrumental	*?	*gʷarābim	*gʷarābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷarom	*gʷarou	*gʷarā
vocative	*gʷarom	*gʷarou	*gʷarā
accusative	*gʷarom	*gʷarou	*gʷarā
genitive	*gʷarī	*gʷarous	*gʷarom
dative	*gʷarūi	*gʷarobom	*gʷarobos
instrumental	*gʷarū	*gʷarobim	*gʷarobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷaryūs	*?	*gʷaryoses
vocative	*gʷaryūs	*?	*gʷaryoses
accusative	*gʷaryosam	*?	*gʷaryosams
genitive	*gʷarisos	*?	*gʷarisom
dative	*gʷarisei	*?	*gʷarisbos
instrumental	*gʷarisī	*?	*gʷarisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷaryūs	*?	*gʷaryoses
vocative	*gʷaryūs	*?	*gʷaryoses
accusative	*gʷaryosam	*?	*gʷaryosams
genitive	*gʷarisos	*?	*gʷarisom
dative	*gʷarisei	*?	*gʷarisbos
instrumental	*gʷarisī	*?	*gʷarisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷaris	*?	*?
vocative	*gʷaris	*?	*?
accusative	*gʷaris	*?	*?
genitive	*gʷarisos	*?	*gʷarisom
dative	*gʷarisei	*?	*gʷarisbos
instrumental	*gʷarisī	*?	*gʷarisbis

Alternative reconstructions

*gʷoros^[2]

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *gwar
- Middle Breton: goar (“weak, soft, humble”)
  - Breton: gwar (“free time, leisure”)
- Middle Welsh: gwar (“civilized, gentle”)
  - Welsh: gwâr
Old Irish: gor (“pious, dutiful, filial”)
- Middle Irish: gor (“pious, dutiful, filial”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 McCone, Kim (1996) Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change, Maynooth: Dept. of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College, →ISBN, page 38
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gʷariyā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144
^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 37
^ Schrijver, Peter (1996) “OIr. Gor 'Pious, Dutiful': Meaning and Etymology”, in Ériu‎^[1], volume 47, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN, →JSTOR, pages 193–204

[Relchron-1] 1.0 ^1.1 McCone, Kim (1996) Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change, Maynooth: Dept. of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College, →ISBN, page 38

[EDPC-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gʷariyā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144

[3] Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 37

[gor-4] Schrijver, Peter (1996) “OIr. Gor 'Pious, Dutiful': Meaning and Etymology”, in Ériu‎^[1], volume 47, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN, →JSTOR, pages 193–204

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