Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/dringeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *dregʰ- (“to hold, fasten”). Cognate with Russian держа́ть (deržátʹ, “to hold”).

Verb

*dringeti

1. to climb
2. to advance

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*dringū	*dringemam	*didrixsū	*dedroga
2nd singular	*dringesi	*dringetās	*didrixsesi	*dedrogas?
3rd singular	*dringeti	*dringeto	*didrixseti	*dedroge
1st plural	*dringomosi	*dringemo	*didrixsomosi	*dedrogmo
2nd plural	*dringetesi	*dringestē	*didrixsetesi	*dedroxte
3rd plural	*dringonti	*dringento	*didrixsonti	*dedrogars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*drexsū	?	—
2nd singular	*drexsesi	?	*dringe
3rd singular	*drexseti	?	*dringetou
1st plural	*drexsomosi	?	*dringomos
2nd plural	*drexsetesi	?	*dringete
3rd plural	*drexsonti	?	*dringontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*dringūr	—	*didrixsūr	*dedrogra
2nd singular	*dringetar	—	*didrixsetar	*dedrogras?
3rd singular	*dringetor	?	*didrixsetor	*dedrogre
1st plural	*dringommor	—	*didrixsommor	?
2nd plural	*dringedwe	—	*didrixsedwe	?
3rd plural	*dringontor	?	*didrixsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*drexsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*drexsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*drexsetor	—	—
1st plural	*drexsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*drexsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*drexsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dringonts	*dringonte	*dringontes
vocative	*dringonts	*dringonte	*dringontes
accusative	*dringontam	*dringonte	*dringontans
genitive	*dringantos	*?	*dringantom
dative	*dringantei	*dringantbom	*dringantbos
instrumental	*dringantī?	*dringantbim	*dringantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dringantī	*dringantī	*dringantiyās
vocative	*dringantī	*dringantī	*dringantiyās
accusative	*dringantīm	*dringantī	*dringantiyans
genitive	*dringantyās	*?	*dringantyom
dative	*dringantyāi	*dringantyābom	*dringantyābos
instrumental	*?	*dringantyābim	*dringantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dringont	*?	*dringonta
vocative	*dringont	*?	*dringonta
accusative	*dringont	*?	*dringonta
genitive	*dringantos	*?	*dringantom
dative	*dringantei	*?	*dringantbos
instrumental	*dringantī?	*?	*dringantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dringomnos	*dringomnou	*dringomnoi
vocative	*dringomne	*dringomnou	*dringomnoi
accusative	*dringomnom	*dringomnou	*dringomnons
genitive	*dringomnī	*dringomnous	*dringomnom
dative	*dringomnūi	*dringomnobom	*dringomnobos
instrumental	*dringomnū	*dringomnobim	*dringomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dringomnā	*dringomnai	*dringomnās
vocative	*dringomnā	*dringomnai	*dringomnās
accusative	*dringomnam	*dringomnai	*dringomnans
genitive	*dringomnās	*dringomnous	*dringomnom
dative	*dringomnai	*dringomnābom	*dringomnābos
instrumental	*?	*dringomnābim	*dringomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dringomnom	*dringomnou	*dringomnā
vocative	*dringomnom	*dringomnou	*dringomnā
accusative	*dringomnom	*dringomnou	*dringomnā
genitive	*dringomnī	*dringomnous	*dringomnom
dative	*dringomnūi	*dringomnobom	*dringomnobos
instrumental	*dringomnū	*dringomnobim	*dringomnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*drixtos	*drixtou	*drixtoi
vocative	*drixte	*drixtou	*drixtoi
accusative	*drixtom	*drixtou	*drixtons
genitive	*drixtī	*drixtous	*drixtom
dative	*drixtūi	*drixtobom	*drixtobos
instrumental	*drixtū	*drixtobim	*drixtobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*drixtā	*drixtai	*drixtās
vocative	*drixtā	*drixtai	*drixtās
accusative	*drixtam	*drixtai	*drixtans
genitive	*drixtās	*drixtous	*drixtom
dative	*drixtai	*drixtābom	*drixtābos
instrumental	*?	*drixtābim	*drixtābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*drixtom	*drixtou	*drixtā
vocative	*drixtom	*drixtou	*drixtā
accusative	*drixtom	*drixtou	*drixtā
genitive	*drixtī	*drixtous	*drixtom
dative	*drixtūi	*drixtobom	*drixtobos
instrumental	*drixtū	*drixtobim	*drixtobis

Descendants

• Old Irish: dringid
  • Middle Irish: dringid
    • Classical Gaelic: dringidh
    • → Middle Welsh: dringo
      • Welsh: dringo, dringad
  • ⇒ Irish: dréim (from the verbal noun)

References

• Corrected and Revised Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009)