Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/delgeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

LIV (following Vendryes)^[1] and KPV^[2] assign this to Proto-Indo-European *delǵʰ- (“to become firm”). Matasović says that *dl̥h₁gʰós should not be connected here and assigns no etymology, but also compares Albanian ndal (“to stop”).^[3]

Verb

*delgeti

to hold

Inflection

This verb had two present stems attested in Celtic: *delgeti and the *-sḱéti present *dalsketi. Here is the conjugation with *delg-e/o- as the present stem:

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*delgū	*delgemam	*didlixsū	*dalga
2nd singular	*delgesi	*delgetās	*didlixsesi	*dalgas?
3rd singular	*delgeti	*delgeto	*didlixseti	*dalge
1st plural	*delgomosi	*delgemo	*didlixsomosi	*dalgmo
2nd plural	*delgetesi	*delgestē	*didlixsetesi	*dalxte
3rd plural	*delgonti	*delgento	*didlixsonti	*dalgars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*delxsū	?	—
2nd singular	*delxsesi	?	*delge
3rd singular	*delxseti	?	*delgetou
1st plural	*delxsomosi	?	*delgomos
2nd plural	*delxsetesi	?	*delgete
3rd plural	*delxsonti	?	*delgontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*delgūr	—	*didlixsūr	*dalgra
2nd singular	*delgetar	—	*didlixsetar	*dalgras?
3rd singular	*delgetor	?	*didlixsetor	*dalgre
1st plural	*delgommor	—	*didlixsommor	?
2nd plural	*delgedwe	—	*didlixsedwe	?
3rd plural	*delgontor	?	*didlixsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*delxsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*delxsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*delxsetor	—	—
1st plural	*delxsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*delxsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*delxsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*delgonts	*delgonte	*delgontes
vocative	*delgonts	*delgonte	*delgontes
accusative	*delgontam	*delgonte	*delgontans
genitive	*delgantos	*?	*delgantom
dative	*delgantei	*delgantbom	*delgantbos
instrumental	*delgantī?	*delgantbim	*delgantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*delgantī	*delgantī	*delgantiyās
vocative	*delgantī	*delgantī	*delgantiyās
accusative	*delgantīm	*delgantī	*delgantiyans
genitive	*delgantyās	*?	*delgantyom
dative	*delgantyāi	*delgantyābom	*delgantyābos
instrumental	*?	*delgantyābim	*delgantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*delgont	*?	*delgonta
vocative	*delgont	*?	*delgonta
accusative	*delgont	*?	*delgonta
genitive	*delgantos	*?	*delgantom
dative	*delgantei	*?	*delgantbos
instrumental	*delgantī?	*?	*delgantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*delgomnos	*delgomnou	*delgomnoi
vocative	*delgomne	*delgomnou	*delgomnoi
accusative	*delgomnom	*delgomnou	*delgomnons
genitive	*delgomnī	*delgomnous	*delgomnom
dative	*delgomnūi	*delgomnobom	*delgomnobos
instrumental	*delgomnū	*delgomnobim	*delgomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*delgomnā	*delgomnai	*delgomnās
vocative	*delgomnā	*delgomnai	*delgomnās
accusative	*delgomnam	*delgomnai	*delgomnans
genitive	*delgomnās	*delgomnous	*delgomnom
dative	*delgomnai	*delgomnābom	*delgomnābos
instrumental	*?	*delgomnābim	*delgomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*delgomnom	*delgomnou	*delgomnā
vocative	*delgomnom	*delgomnou	*delgomnā
accusative	*delgomnom	*delgomnou	*delgomnā
genitive	*delgomnī	*delgomnous	*delgomnom
dative	*delgomnūi	*delgomnobom	*delgomnobos
instrumental	*delgomnū	*delgomnobim	*delgomnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dlixtos	*dlixtou	*dlixtoi
vocative	*dlixte	*dlixtou	*dlixtoi
accusative	*dlixtom	*dlixtou	*dlixtons
genitive	*dlixtī	*dlixtous	*dlixtom
dative	*dlixtūi	*dlixtobom	*dlixtobos
instrumental	*dlixtū	*dlixtobim	*dlixtobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dlixtā	*dlixtai	*dlixtās
vocative	*dlixtā	*dlixtai	*dlixtās
accusative	*dlixtam	*dlixtai	*dlixtans
genitive	*dlixtās	*dlixtous	*dlixtom
dative	*dlixtai	*dlixtābom	*dlixtābos
instrumental	*?	*dlixtābim	*dlixtābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dlixtom	*dlixtou	*dlixtā
vocative	*dlixtom	*dlixtou	*dlixtā
accusative	*dlixtom	*dlixtou	*dlixtā
genitive	*dlixtī	*dlixtous	*dlixtom
dative	*dlixtūi	*dlixtobom	*dlixtobos
instrumental	*dlixtū	*dlixtobim	*dlixtobis

The alternative present stem *dalsketi conjugates as follows:

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*dalskū	*dalskemam	*didlixsū	*dalga
2nd singular	*dalskesi	*dalsketās	*didlixsesi	*dalgas?
3rd singular	*dalsketi	*dalsketo	*didlixseti	*dalge
1st plural	*dalskomosi	*dalskemo	*didlixsomosi	*dalgmo
2nd plural	*dalsketesi	*dalskestē	*didlixsetesi	*dalxte
3rd plural	*dalskonti	*dalskento	*didlixsonti	*dalgars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*delxsū	?	—
2nd singular	*delxsesi	?	*dalske
3rd singular	*delxseti	?	*dalsketou
1st plural	*delxsomosi	?	*dalskomos
2nd plural	*delxsetesi	?	*dalskete
3rd plural	*delxsonti	?	*dalskontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*dalskūr	—	*didlixsūr	*dalgra
2nd singular	*dalsketar	—	*didlixsetar	*dalgras?
3rd singular	*dalsketor	?	*didlixsetor	*dalgre
1st plural	*dalskommor	—	*didlixsommor	?
2nd plural	*dalskedwe	—	*didlixsedwe	?
3rd plural	*dalskontor	?	*didlixsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*delxsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*delxsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*delxsetor	—	—
1st plural	*delxsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*delxsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*delxsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dalskonts	*dalskonte	*dalskontes
vocative	*dalskonts	*dalskonte	*dalskontes
accusative	*dalskontam	*dalskonte	*dalskontans
genitive	*dalskantos	*?	*dalskantom
dative	*dalskantei	*dalskantbom	*dalskantbos
instrumental	*dalskantī?	*dalskantbim	*dalskantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dalskantī	*dalskantī	*dalskantiyās
vocative	*dalskantī	*dalskantī	*dalskantiyās
accusative	*dalskantīm	*dalskantī	*dalskantiyans
genitive	*dalskantyās	*?	*dalskantyom
dative	*dalskantyāi	*dalskantyābom	*dalskantyābos
instrumental	*?	*dalskantyābim	*dalskantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dalskont	*?	*dalskonta
vocative	*dalskont	*?	*dalskonta
accusative	*dalskont	*?	*dalskonta
genitive	*dalskantos	*?	*dalskantom
dative	*dalskantei	*?	*dalskantbos
instrumental	*dalskantī?	*?	*dalskantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dalskomnos	*dalskomnou	*dalskomnoi
vocative	*dalskomne	*dalskomnou	*dalskomnoi
accusative	*dalskomnom	*dalskomnou	*dalskomnons
genitive	*dalskomnī	*dalskomnous	*dalskomnom
dative	*dalskomnūi	*dalskomnobom	*dalskomnobos
instrumental	*dalskomnū	*dalskomnobim	*dalskomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dalskomnā	*dalskomnai	*dalskomnās
vocative	*dalskomnā	*dalskomnai	*dalskomnās
accusative	*dalskomnam	*dalskomnai	*dalskomnans
genitive	*dalskomnās	*dalskomnous	*dalskomnom
dative	*dalskomnai	*dalskomnābom	*dalskomnābos
instrumental	*?	*dalskomnābim	*dalskomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dalskomnom	*dalskomnou	*dalskomnā
vocative	*dalskomnom	*dalskomnou	*dalskomnā
accusative	*dalskomnom	*dalskomnou	*dalskomnā
genitive	*dalskomnī	*dalskomnous	*dalskomnom
dative	*dalskomnūi	*dalskomnobom	*dalskomnobos
instrumental	*dalskomnū	*dalskomnobim	*dalskomnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dlixtos	*dlixtou	*dlixtoi
vocative	*dlixte	*dlixtou	*dlixtoi
accusative	*dlixtom	*dlixtou	*dlixtons
genitive	*dlixtī	*dlixtous	*dlixtom
dative	*dlixtūi	*dlixtobom	*dlixtobos
instrumental	*dlixtū	*dlixtobim	*dlixtobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dlixtā	*dlixtai	*dlixtās
vocative	*dlixtā	*dlixtai	*dlixtās
accusative	*dlixtam	*dlixtai	*dlixtans
genitive	*dlixtās	*dlixtous	*dlixtom
dative	*dlixtai	*dlixtābom	*dlixtābos
instrumental	*?	*dlixtābim	*dlixtābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dlixtom	*dlixtou	*dlixtā
vocative	*dlixtom	*dlixtou	*dlixtā
accusative	*dlixtom	*dlixtou	*dlixtā
genitive	*dlixtī	*dlixtous	*dlixtom
dative	*dlixtūi	*dlixtobom	*dlixtobos
instrumental	*dlixtū	*dlixtobim	*dlixtobis

Derived terms

*ati-dalsketi
- Proto-Brythonic:
  - Middle Welsh: attal
    - Welsh: atal
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: ymattal
      - Welsh: ymatal, (old spelling) ymattal
*kom-dalsketi
- Proto-Brythonic:
  - Middle Breton: quenderchell
    - Breton: kenderc'hel
  - Middle Welsh: kynhal, kynnhal, kennal
    - Welsh: cynnal
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: gogynnal
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: ymgynnal, ymgynhal, ymgynnhal
      - Welsh: ymgynnal
*uɸo-dalsketi
- Proto-Brythonic:
  - Old Breton: gudalgoi (3sg. subj.)
*kom-delg-om
- Old Irish: coindelg
  - Middle Irish: condelg
    - Irish: coinnealg

Descendants

In Brittonic, the vowel of *dalsketi somehow hybridized with the consonantism of *delgeti to form *dalgeti. Schumacher thinks this influence spread from the preterite stem *dalg-.^[2]

Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Breton: delgim
  - Middle Breton: delc'hel, derchell
    - Breton: derc'hel
- Middle Welsh: daly, dala, deli
  - Welsh: dal
Gaulish: delgu (1sg. pres.)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 113
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 271-273
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*delg-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 94

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 113

[KPV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 271-273

[3] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*delg-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 94

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