Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/-dyos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Alternative forms

• *-odyos

Suffix

*-dyos

1. Forms adjectives from nouns.

   ‎*karants (“friend”) + ‎*-dyos → ‎*karantodyos (“friendly”)

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-dyos	*-dyou	*-dyoi
vocative	*-dye	*-dyou	*-dyoi
accusative	*-dyom	*-dyou	*-dyoms
genitive	*-dyī	*-dyous	*-dyom
dative	*-dyūi	*-dyobom	*-dyobos
instrumental	*-dyū	*-dyobim	*-dyobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-dyā	*-dyai	*-dyās
vocative	*-dyā	*-dyai	*-dyās
accusative	*-dyam	*-dyai	*-dyams
genitive	*-dyās	*-dyous	*-dyom
dative	*-dyai	*-dyābom	*-dyābos
instrumental	*?	*-dyābim	*-dyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-dyom	*-dyou	*-dyā
vocative	*-dyom	*-dyou	*-dyā
accusative	*-dyom	*-dyou	*-dyā
genitive	*-dyī	*-dyous	*-dyom
dative	*-dyūi	*-dyobom	*-dyobos
instrumental	*-dyū	*-dyobim	*-dyobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-dyyūs	*?	*-dyyoses
vocative	*-dyyūs	*?	*-dyyoses
accusative	*-dyyosam	*?	*-dyyosams
genitive	*-dyisos	*?	*-dyisom
dative	*-dyisei	*?	*-dyisbos
instrumental	*-dyisī	*?	*-dyisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-dyyūs	*?	*-dyyoses
vocative	*-dyyūs	*?	*-dyyoses
accusative	*-dyyosam	*?	*-dyyosams
genitive	*-dyisos	*?	*-dyisom
dative	*-dyisei	*?	*-dyisbos
instrumental	*-dyisī	*?	*-dyisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-dyis	*?	*?
vocative	*-dyis	*?	*?
accusative	*-dyis	*?	*?
genitive	*-dyisos	*?	*-dyisom
dative	*-dyisei	*?	*-dyisbos
instrumental	*-dyisī	*?	*-dyisbis

Alternative reconstructions

• *-adyos

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *-öð (following Thurneysen and De Bernardo Stempel), *-ėð (following McCone)
  • Middle Welsh: -eidd
    • Welsh: -aidd
• Old Irish: -dae, -de
  • Middle Irish: -da
    • Irish: -aí
• Gaulish: -dios
  • ⇒ Gaulish: uxedios, andedion
  • →⇒ Latin: Carantodius, Allodius, Genetodia, Togidius (among many others)