Appendix:Slovene nouns/first neuter declension
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The first neuter declension follow all nouns that have ending -a in genitive singular. Nouns can follow all accentual types and some can change gender and become masculine in dual and plural.
Basic Sample
[edit]There is distinction between hard and soft stems. Soft stems (those ending in -c, -j, -č, -ž, -š) have -e- in endings instead of -o-:
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | jẹ̑zero | ||
gen. sing. | jẹ̑zera | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
jẹ̑zero | jẹ̑zeri | jẹ̑zera |
genitive rodȋlnik |
jẹ̑zera | jẹ̑zer | jẹ̑zer |
dative dajȃlnik |
jẹ̑zeru, jẹ̑zeri | jẹ̑zeroma, jẹ̑zerama | jẹ̑zerom, jẹ̑zeram |
accusative tožȋlnik |
jẹ̑zero | jẹ̑zeri | jẹ̑zera |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
jẹ̑zeru, jẹ̑zeri | jẹ̑zerih, jẹ̑zerah | jẹ̑zerih, jẹ̑zerah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
jẹ̑zerom | jẹ̑zeroma, jẹ̑zerama | jẹ̑zeri |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
jẹ̑zero | jẹ̑zeri | jẹ̑zera |
First neuter declension (soft o-stem) , fixed accent | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | sọ̑nce | ||
gen. sing. | sọ̑nca | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
sọ̑nce | sọ̑nci | sọ̑nca |
genitive rodȋlnik |
sọ̑nca | sọ̑nc | sọ̑nc |
dative dajȃlnik |
sọ̑ncu, sọ̑nci | sọ̑ncema, sọ̑ncama | sọ̑ncem, sọ̑ncam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
sọ̑nce | sọ̑nci | sọ̑nca |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
sọ̑ncu, sọ̑nci | sọ̑ncih, sọ̑ncah | sọ̑ncih, sọ̑ncah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
sọ̑ncem | sọ̑ncema, sọ̑ncama | sọ̑nci |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
sọ̑nce | sọ̑nci | sọ̑nca |
Alterations
[edit]Note: the second form is, if not otherwise denoted, in genitive singular
- Nouns can have -s-, -t-, or -n- infix and then have no ending in nominative singular.
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, -s- infix | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | ojẹ̑ | ||
gen. sing. | ojẹ̑sa | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
ojẹ̑ | ojẹ̑si | ojẹ̑sa |
genitive rodȋlnik |
ojẹ̑sa | ojẹ̑s | ojẹ̑s |
dative dajȃlnik |
ojẹ̑su, ojẹ̑si | ojẹ̑soma, ojẹ̑sama | ojẹ̑som, ojẹ̑sam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
ojẹ̑ | ojẹ̑si | ojẹ̑sa |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
ojẹ̑su, ojẹ̑si | ojẹ̑sih, ojẹ̑sah | ojẹ̑sih, ojẹ̑sah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
ojẹ̑som | ojẹ̑soma, ojẹ̑sama | ojẹ̑si |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
ojẹ̑ | ojẹ̑si | ojẹ̑sa |
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, -t- infix, change of open-mid to close-mid vowel | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | deklȅ | ||
gen. sing. | deklẹ́ta | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
deklȅ | deklẹ̄ti | deklẹ̑ta |
genitive rodȋlnik |
deklẹ́ta | deklẹ̑t | deklẹ̑t |
dative dajȃlnik |
deklẹ̄tu, deklẹ̄ti | deklẹ̄toma, deklẹ̄tama | deklẹ̑tom, deklẹ̑tam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
deklȅ | deklẹ̄ti | deklẹ̑ta |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
deklẹ̄tu, deklẹ̄ti | deklẹ̑tih, deklẹ̑tah | deklẹ̑tih, deklẹ̑tah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
deklẹ́tom | deklẹ̄toma, deklẹ̄tama | deklẹ̑ti |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
deklȅ | deklẹ̑ti | deklẹ̑ta |
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, -n- infix | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | imẹ̑ | ||
gen. sing. | imẹ̑na | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
imẹ̑ | imẹ̑ni | imẹ̑na |
genitive rodȋlnik |
imẹ̑na | imẹ̑n | imẹ̑n |
dative dajȃlnik |
imẹ̑nu, imẹ̑ni | imẹ̑noma, imẹ̑nama | imẹ̑nom, imẹ̑nam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
imẹ̑ | imẹ̑ni | imẹ̑na |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
imẹ̑nu, imẹ̑ni | imẹ̑nih, imẹ̑nah | imẹ̑nih, imẹ̑nah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
imẹ̑nom | imẹ̑noma, imẹ̑nama | imẹ̑ni |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
imẹ̑ | imẹ̑ni | imẹ̑na |
- In mixed accentual types, unstressed e and o can either become IPA(key): /e/ or IPA(key): /o/, IPA(key): /ɛ/ or IPA(key): /ɔ/, or both (srebrọ̑ dative singular srẹ̄bru/srēbru, mesọ̑ dative singular mẹ̄su/mēsu).
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , long mixed accent, close-mid or open-mid vowel on the stem (singularia tantum) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | mesọ̑ | ||
gen. sing. | mesȃ | ||
singular | |||
nominative imenovȃlnik |
mesọ̑ | ||
genitive rodȋlnik |
mesȃ | ||
dative dajȃlnik |
mẹ̄su, mēsu, mẹ̄si, mēsi | ||
accusative tožȋlnik |
mesọ̑ | ||
locative mẹ̑stnik |
mẹ̄su, mēsu, mẹ̄si, mēsi | ||
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
mẹ̄som, mēsom | ||
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
mesọ̑ |
- Some nouns with a stressed IPA(key): /ɛ/ or IPA(key): /ɔ/ can also have dual and plural forms with IPA(key): /e/ or IPA(key): /o/, such as ókno, nominative plural ókna/ȏkna/ọ́kna and rébro, nominative plural rébra/rȇbra/rẹ́bra/rẹ̑bra.
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, fill vowel ə, has alternative close-mid vowel form in plural | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | ókno | ||
gen. sing. | ókna | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
ókno | ōkni | ōkna, ọ́kna |
genitive rodȋlnik |
ókna | ȏken, ọ́ken | ȏken, ọ́ken |
dative dajȃlnik |
óknu, ókni | ōknoma, ōknama | ōknom, ọ́knom, ōknam, ọ́knam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
ókno | ōkni | ōkna, ọ́kna |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
óknu, ókni | ōknih, ọ́knih, ōknah, ọ́knah | ōknih, ọ́knih, ōknah, ọ́knah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
óknom | ōknoma, ōknama | ōkni, ọ́kni |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
ȏkno | ȏkni | ȏkna, ọ̑kna |
- Nouns ending in a non-sonorant consonant and a sonorant or a sonorant followed by -r, -lj, or -nj, have a fill vowel IPA(key): /ə/ or IPA(key): /i/, if the stem ends in -j, when there is a null ending (ókno genitive plural óken, poslọ̑pje genitive plural poslọ̑pij) Nouns without a vowel in the stem add a fill vowel IPA(key): /ə/ in genitive dual/plural. Noun dnȍ 'bottom' has an ending -ov or, as tlȁ, has a fill vowel -a- (tlȁ tál/táł, dnȍ dnȍv/dán), but the -ovversion is preferred. Noun dnȍ is also irregular in locative where it is either dnȉh or dnẹ́h (dnȉh is preferred) and noun tlȁ is also irregular in locative and instrumental (nominative plural tlȁ locative plural tlẹ́h instrumental plural tlẹ́mi/tlí).
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, fill vowel i | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | poslọ̑pje | ||
gen. sing. | poslọ̑pja | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
poslọ̑pje | poslọ̑pji | poslọ̑pja |
genitive rodȋlnik |
poslọ̑pja | poslọ̑pij | poslọ̑pij |
dative dajȃlnik |
poslọ̑pju, poslọ̑pji | poslọ̑pjema, poslọ̑pjama | poslọ̑pjem, poslọ̑pjam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
poslọ̑pje | poslọ̑pji | poslọ̑pja |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
poslọ̑pju, poslọ̑pji | poslọ̑pjih, poslọ̑pjah | poslọ̑pjih, poslọ̑pjah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
poslọ̑pjem | poslọ̑pjema, poslọ̑pjama | poslọ̑pji |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
poslọ̑pje | poslọ̑pji | poslọ̑pja |
- A few neuter s-stem nouns show the effects of the Slavic first palatalisation in the forms with the infix -es-:
- The noun okọ̑ has the stem očẹ̑s-. It also has a shorter plural stem oč- when referring to human eyes. This stem is feminine rather than neuter, and follows the mixed i-stem declension.
- The noun uhọ̑ has the stem ušẹ́s-, with a change in accent type. The genitive plural allows both accents.
- The noun igọ̑ has the stem ižẹ̑s-.
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, -s- infix, showing signs of Slavic first palatalization, change of -o to -e | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | okọ̑ | ||
gen. sing. | očẹ̑sa | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
okọ̑ | očẹ̑si | očẹ̑sa |
genitive rodȋlnik |
očẹ̑sa | očẹ̑s | očẹ̑s |
dative dajȃlnik |
očẹ̑su, očẹ̑si | očẹ̑soma, očẹ̑sama | očẹ̑som, očẹ̑sam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
okọ̑ | očẹ̑si | očẹ̑sa |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
očẹ̑su, očẹ̑si | očẹ̑sih, očẹ̑sah | očẹ̑sih, očẹ̑sah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
očẹ̑som | očẹ̑soma, očẹ̑sama | očẹ̑si |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
okọ̑ | očẹ̑si | očẹ̑sa |
- Noun dŕva 'firewood' is also irregular, having two forms for locative and instrumental: nominative plural dŕva locative plural drvẹ́h/dr̄vih, instrumental plural drvmí/dŕvi. The irregular forms are preferred.
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, special accent type for plural (genitive plural allows both accents) (pluralia tantum) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. plur. | dŕva | ||
gen. plur. | dr̄v | ||
plural | |||
nominative imenovȃlnik |
dŕva | ||
genitive rodȋlnik |
dr̄v | ||
dative dajȃlnik |
dŕvam | ||
accusative tožȋlnik |
dŕva | ||
locative mẹ̑stnik |
dŕvih, dŕvah | ||
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
dŕvi | ||
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
dȓva |
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , short ending accent, locative plural drvẹ́h, instrumental plural drvmí (pluralia tantum) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. plur. | drvȁ | ||
gen. plur. | dŕv | ||
plural | |||
nominative imenovȃlnik |
drvȁ | ||
genitive rodȋlnik |
dŕv | ||
dative dajȃlnik |
drvȁm | ||
accusative tožȋlnik |
drvȁ | ||
locative mẹ̑stnik |
drvẹ́h | ||
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
drvmí | ||
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
drvȁ |
- Some nouns, such as črevọ̑ (stem črevẹ̑s-) lose the infix in the plural: črẹ́va.
22=črẹ̑vaPlease see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, -s- infix, loses the infix in plural | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | črevọ̑ | ||
gen. sing. | črevẹ̑sa | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
črevọ̑ | črevẹ̑si | črevẹ̑si |
genitive rodȋlnik |
črevẹ̑sa | črẹ̑v | črẹ́va |
dative dajȃlnik |
črevẹ̑su, črevẹ̑si | črevẹ̑soma, črevẹ̑sama | črẹ̑v, črẹ̑vam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
črevọ̑ | črevẹ̑si | črẹ̑vom |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
črevẹ̑su, črevẹ̑si | črẹ̑vih, črẹ̑vah | črẹ̑vih, črẹ̑vah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
črevẹ̑som | črẹ̑vih, črevẹ̑sama | črẹ̑vih |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
črevọ̑ | črevẹ̑soma | črẹ̑vi |
Colloquial and archaic forms
[edit]- In the 19th century the ending -i was often used in the dative/locative singular instead of -u. This form was already included in the examples above.
- In the 18th century the endings -ama, -am, and -ah were more common; nowadays they are purely dialectal. These forms are also already included.
- All nowadays soft stems were up to 19th century declined as hard and that also holds true for most dialects.
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | sọ̑nce | ||
gen. sing. | sọ̑nca | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
sọ̑nce | sọ̑nci | sọ̑nca |
genitive rodȋlnik |
sọ̑nca | sọ̑nc | sọ̑nc |
dative dajȃlnik |
sọ̑ncu, sọ̑nci | sọ̑ncoma, sọ̑ncama | sọ̑ncom, sọ̑ncam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
sọ̑nce | sọ̑nci | sọ̑nca |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
sọ̑ncu, sọ̑nci | sọ̑ncih, sọ̑ncah | sọ̑ncih, sọ̑ncah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
sọ̑ncom | sọ̑ncoma, sọ̑ncama | sọ̑nci |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
sọ̑nce | sọ̑nci | sọ̑nca |
- The s-infix is often omitted in some dialects. (non-tonal)
First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | drévo | ||
gen. sing. | dréva | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
drévo | drévi | dréva |
genitive rodȋlnik |
dréva | drév | drév |
dative dajȃlnik |
drévu, drévi | drévoma, drévama | drévom, drévam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
drévo | drévi | dréva |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
drévu, drévi | drévih, drévah | drévih, drévah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
drévom | drévoma, drévama | drévi |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
drévo | drévi | dréva |