-KAAD
Navajo
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *qa̓tʼ (“to spread out, fall scattered, collapse, slap, clap”).
Found in Navajo in a wide range of themes related to the moving or spreading of "flatness", including classificatory root for the moving / falling or propelling of objects of the PlO2 (profusion) or OC (open container) classes, the herding of sheep over a surface, or the slapping of hands.
Root
[edit]-KAAD
1. PlO2 (as seeds) or OC (as a bucket and its content) falls, spills, scatters
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
∅ | motion |
PlO2 / OC falls |
S tosses PlO2 / OC |
2. to herd sheep, to drive sheep
Theme | Category | Bases | Unspecified (+ʼa) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + ni + ł | motion |
S herds O (sheep)
|
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dzi/O + ∅ | successive |
Motion (with dzi-) : Successive (with O):
|
4. flatness moves (other minor themes)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ni + ∅ | motion |
|
S topples O
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∅ | successive |
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∅ |
S becomes chipped |
S chips O
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di + ∅ | adjectival | S is flat, thin
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∅ | positional |
S keeps O in position |
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hi / di + yíní + ∅ |
positional |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -kaad | -kaad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kaad |
CONT | -kaad | -kaad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kaad |
REP | -kaʼ | -kaad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kaʼ |
REP | -kad | -kaad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kad |
SEM / CONCL | -kad | -kad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kad |
NEUT | -kad | -kaad | — | — | — |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]PlO2 verbs:
OC verbs:
FFO verbs:
to sway:
to collapse:
to hit, to beat: