𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂

Gothic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *steuraz (“bull”), from Proto-Indo-European *táwros. Cognate with Old Norse stjórr, German stior, Old English stēor (English steer).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstiu̯r/

Noun

𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 • (stiur) m

1. male calf, young bull
   • 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Book of Nehemiah (Codex Ambrosianus D) 5.18:

     𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍈𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 ·𐌰· 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 ·𐌵· 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 [·𐌰·] 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐍃; 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌹 ·𐌹· 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽; 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼.

     jah was fraquman dagis ƕizuh stiur ·a· lamba gawalida ·q· jah gaits [·a·] gamanwida was mis; jah bi ·i· dagans gaf wein allai þizai filusnai jah allai þizai managein; jah ana þō alla hlaif fauramaþleis meinis ni sōkida, in þis ei ni kauridēdjau þō managein in þaim waurstwam.

     And there came to me for one day one calf, and I had six choice sheep and a goat; and every ten days wine in abundance of all sorts: yet with these I required not the bread of extortion, because the bondage was heavy upon this people. (Brenton Septuagint Translation).

   • 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 15.23:

     𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌿𐍆𐍃𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌸, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰;

     jah bringandans stiur þana alidan ufsneiþiþ, jah matjandans wisam waila;

     And bring hither the fatted calf, and kill it; and let us eat, and be merry: (KJV).

   • 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 15.30:

     𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐍄 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌾𐍉𐌼, 𐌵𐌰𐌼, 𐌿𐍆𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽.

     iþ þan sa sunus þeins, saei frēt þein swēs miþ kalkjōm, qam, ufsnaist imma stiur þana alidan.

     But as soon as this thy son was come, which hath devoured thy living with harlots, thou hast killed for him the fatted calf. (KJV).

Declension

Only attested in the nominative and accusative singular, this word may have been an a-stem, an i-stem or a consonant stem. The other Germanic languages indicate an a-stem.

Masculine a-stem
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 stiur	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍃 stiurōs
Vocative	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 stiur	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍃 stiurōs
Accusative	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 stiur	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 stiurans
Genitive	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐍃 stiuris	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌴 stiurē
Dative	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰 stiura	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼 stiuram

But an i-stem or consonant stem are also theoretically possible.

Masculine i-stem
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 stiur	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 stiureis
Vocative	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 stiur	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 stiureis
Accusative	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 stiur	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍃 stiurins
Genitive	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐍃 stiuris	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌴 stiurē
Dative	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰 stiura	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌼 stiurim

Masculine/feminine consonant stem
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 stiur	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍃 stiurs
Vocative	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 stiur	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍃 stiurs
Accusative	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 stiur	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍃 stiurs
Genitive	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍃 stiurs	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌴 stiurē
Dative	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 stiur	𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌿𐌼 stiurum

Antonyms

• (with regards to gender) 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉 (kalbō)

Hypernyms

• 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰 (auhsa, “ox”)

Further reading

• Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 130