𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *skulaną.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskulan/

Verb

𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 • (skulan)

1. to owe, to be indebted
2. to have to, to be obliged to, must
3. shall, will

Usage notes

• The past participle form 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳 (skuld) combined with the verb 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan) commonly yields impersonal phrases expressing necessity; e.g. skuld ist ("it is necessary"), skuld was ("it was necessary").

Conjugation

Preterite-present
Infinitive	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 skulan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻 skal	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰 skulda	—
2nd singular	𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐍄 skalt	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐍃 skuldēs	—
3rd singular	𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻 skal	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰 skulda	—
1st dual	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌿 skulu	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 skuldēdu	—
2nd dual	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌿𐍄𐍃 skuluts	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 skuldēduts	—
1st plural	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌼 skulum	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 skuldēdum	—
2nd plural	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌸 skuluþ	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 skuldēduþ	—
3rd plural	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌽 skulun	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 skuldēdun	—
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌿 skuljau	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 skuldēdjau	—
2nd singular	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 skuleis	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 skuldēdeis	—
3rd singular	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌹 skuli	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 skuldēdi	—
1st dual	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 skuleiwa	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 skuldēdeiwa	—
2nd dual	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 skuleits	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 skuldēdeits	—
1st plural	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 skuleima	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 skuldēdeima	—
2nd plural	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸 skuleiþ	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 skuldēdeiþ	—
3rd plural	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 skuleina	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 skuldēdeina	—
Imperative
2nd singular	—
3rd singular	—
2nd dual	—
2nd plural	—
3rd plural	—
	Present	Past
Participles	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 skulands	𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌳𐍃 skulds

Derived terms

• 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰 (skula, “debtor”)