𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

Either from 𐌳𐌿- (du-) +‎ *𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*ginnan) (a Gothic formation) or inherited from Proto-Germanic *duginnaną. There are no other Germanic cognates with the same prefix which could be used to support the Proto-Germanic verb of the second etymology, but the unprefixed verb of the first etymology (*ginnaną) is not attested in any Germanic language (which all except Gothic have descendants of the prefixed form *biginnaną, having the same meaning as this verb).

The element 𐌳𐌿 (du) is not attested in any other Germanic languages, probably being an archaic inheritance from Proto-Germanic that was lost early on in other Germanic languages. The archaic nature of the prefix might seem to point to a Proto-Germanic inheritance for this verb, but its clear productivity in Gothic renders this pointer uncertain.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duˈɡinnan/, [duˈɣinnan]

Verb

𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 • (duginnan)

1. to begin

Conjugation

A variant spelling 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌳 (duginnid) is attested for expected (and unattested) 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌸 (duginniþ).

Class 3 strong
Infinitive	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 duginnan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰 duginna	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌽 dugann	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰 duginnada
2nd singular	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃 duginnis	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌽𐍄 dugannt	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌶𐌰 duginnaza
3rd singular	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌸 duginniþ	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌽 dugann	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰 duginnada
1st dual	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍉𐍃 duginnōs	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿 dugunnu	—
2nd dual	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃 duginnats	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍄𐍃 dugunnuts	—
1st plural	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌼 duginnam	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌼 dugunnum	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 duginnanda
2nd plural	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌸 duginniþ	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌸 dugunnuþ	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 duginnanda
3rd plural	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳 duginnand	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌽 dugunnun	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 duginnanda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌿 duginnau	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌿 dugunnjau	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 duginnaidau
2nd singular	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 duginnais	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 dugunneis	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 duginnaizau
3rd singular	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹 duginnai	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌹 dugunni	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 duginnaidau
1st dual	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 duginnaiwa	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 dugunneiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 duginnaits	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 dugunneits	—
1st plural	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 duginnaima	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 dugunneima	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 duginnaindau
2nd plural	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌸 duginnaiþ	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸 dugunneiþ	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 duginnaindau
3rd plural	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 duginnaina	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 dugunneina	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 duginnaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽 duginn
3rd singular	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 duginnadau
2nd dual	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃 duginnats
2nd plural	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌸 duginniþ
3rd plural	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 duginnandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 duginnands	𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃 dugunnans