𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *biswarjaną. Equivalent to 𐌱𐌹- (bi-) +‎ 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /biˈswaran/

Verb

𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 • (biswaran)

1. to adjure, charge
   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, Mark 5:7b:

     𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌸𐌿𐌺 𐌱𐌹 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌰, 𐌽𐌹 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐍃!

     biswara þuk bi guda, ni balwjais mis!

     I adjure thee by God, that thou torment me not. (KJV)

   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, 1 Thessalonians 5:27:

     𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐍃𐍉 𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌼 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍂𐌿𐌼.

     biswara izwis in fraujin ei ussiggwaidau sō aipistaulē allaim þaim weiham brōþrum.

     I charge you by the Lord that this epistle be read unto all the holy brethren. (KJV)

Conjugation

Class 6 strong
Infinitive	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 biswaran
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 biswara	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂 biswor	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰 biswarada
2nd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃 biswaris	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐍄 biswort	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌰 biswaraza
3rd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌸 biswariþ	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂 biswor	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰 biswarada
1st dual	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 biswarōs	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌿 bisworu	—
2nd dual	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍃 biswarats	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌿𐍄𐍃 bisworuts	—
1st plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼 biswaram	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌼 bisworum	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 biswaranda
2nd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌸 biswariþ	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌸 bisworuþ	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 biswaranda
3rd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳 biswarand	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌽 bisworun	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 biswaranda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌿 biswarau	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌿 bisworjau	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 biswaraidau
2nd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃 biswarais	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 bisworeis	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 biswaraizau
3rd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹 biswarai	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌹 biswori	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 biswaraidau
1st dual	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 biswaraiwa	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 bisworeiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 biswaraits	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 bisworeits	—
1st plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 biswaraima	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 bisworeima	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 biswaraindau
2nd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸 biswaraiþ	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌸 bisworeiþ	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 biswaraindau
3rd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 biswaraina	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 bisworeina	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 biswaraindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂 biswar
3rd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 biswaradau
2nd dual	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍃 biswarats
2nd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌸 biswariþ
3rd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 biswarandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 biswarands	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 biswarans

Further reading

• Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 133