크다

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 黑根 (Yale: *hùkú-n), reflecting the realis gerundive form with Old Korean 隱 (*-n). Hence the Old Korean verbal stem would have been *hùkú-. Beyond Old Korean, also connected to Baekje 鞬 (*ke-n).

In the hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 크〮다〮 (Yale: khútá).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kxɯda̠]

  • Audio:

    (file)

• Phonetic hangul: [크다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	keuda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	keuda
McCune–Reischauer?	k'ŭda
Yale Romanization?	khuta

Adjective

크다 • (keuda) (infinitive 커, sequential 크니)

1. to be big, large (both physical and figurative)

   Antonym: 작다 (jakda)

   큰 문제 ― keun munje ― big problem

   키가 크다 ― kiga keuda ― He is tall (literally, “His height is large”)

2. to be great

   Synonyms: 훌륭하다 (hullyunghada), 위대하다 (widaehada)

   큰 사람 ― keun saram ― a great person

3. (of a specific sound) to be loud

   Synonym: 시끄럽다 (sikkeureopda)

   Antonym: 작다 (jakda)

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the adjective 크다 (keuda): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	크다 keuda	커 keo	커요 keoyo	큽니다 keumnida
	Past	컸다 keotda	컸어 keosseo	컸어요 keosseoyo	컸습니다 keotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	크냐 keunya	커 keo	커요 keoyo	큽니까 keumnikka
	Past	컸냐 keonnya	컸어 keosseo	컸어요 keosseoyo	컸습니까 keotseumnikka
Assertive		크겠다 keugetda	크겠어 keugesseo	크겠어요 keugesseoyo	크겠습니다 keugetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		커 keo	커서 keoseo	크니 keuni	크니까 keunikka
Contrast		크지만 keujiman	큰데 keunde	크더니 keudeoni
Conjunction		크고 keugo
Condition		크면 keumyeon	커야 keoya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		큼 keum	크기 keugi
Past-tense verbal nouns		컸음 keosseum	컸기 keotgi
Determiners	Present		큰 keun
	Future		클 keul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	크시다 keusida	크셔 keusyeo	크세요, 크셔요 keuseyo, keusyeoyo	크십니다 keusimnida
	Past	크셨다 keusyeotda	크셨어 keusyeosseo	크셨어요 keusyeosseoyo	크셨습니다 keusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	크시냐 keusinya	크셔 keusyeo	크세요, 크셔요 keuseyo, keusyeoyo	크십니까 keusimnikka
	Past	크셨냐 keusyeonnya	크셨어 keusyeosseo	크셨어요 keusyeosseoyo	크셨습니까 keusyeotseumnikka
Assertive		크시겠다 keusigetda	크시겠어 keusigesseo	크시겠어요 keusigesseoyo	크시겠습니다 keusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		크셔 keusyeo	크셔서 keusyeoseo	크시니 keusini	크시니까 keusinikka
Contrast		크시지만 keusijiman	크신데 keusinde	크시더니 keusideoni
Conjunction		크시고 keusigo
Condition		크시면 keusimyeon	크셔야 keusyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		크심 keusim	크시기 keusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		크셨음 keusyeosseum	크셨기 keusyeotgi
Determiners	Present		크신 keusin
	Future		크실 keusil

Verb

크다 • (keuda) (infinitive 커, sequential 크니) (intransitive)

1. to grow; to get bigger

   Synonym: 자라다 (jarada)

2. (of a child) to grow up, to become an adult

   Synonyms: 자라다 (jarada), 어른이 되다 (eoreun-i doeda)

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 크다 (keuda): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	큰다 keunda	커 keo	커요 keoyo	큽니다 keumnida
	Past	컸다 keotda	컸어 keosseo	컸어요 keosseoyo	컸습니다 keotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	크느냐 keuneunya	커 keo	커요 keoyo	큽니까 keumnikka
	Past	컸느냐 keonneunya	컸어 keosseo	컸어요 keosseoyo	컸습니까 keotseumnikka
Hortative		크자 keuja	커 keo	커요 keoyo	크십시다 keusipsida
Imperative		커라 keora	커 keo	커요 keoyo	큽시오 keupsio
Assertive		크겠다 keugetda	크겠어 keugesseo	크겠어요 keugesseoyo	크겠습니다 keugetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		커 keo	커서 keoseo	크니 keuni	크니까 keunikka
Contrast		크지만 keujiman	크는데 keuneunde	크더니 keudeoni
Conjunction		크고 keugo
Condition		크면 keumyeon	커야 keoya
Motive		크려고 keuryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		큼 keum	크기 keugi
Past-tense verbal nouns		컸음 keosseum	컸기 keotgi
Determiners	Past	큰 keun
	Present	크는 keuneun
	Future	클 keul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	크신다 keusinda	크셔 keusyeo	크세요, 크셔요 keuseyo, keusyeoyo	크십니다 keusimnida
	Past	크셨다 keusyeotda	크셨어 keusyeosseo	크셨어요 keusyeosseoyo	크셨습니다 keusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	크시느냐 keusineunya	크셔 keusyeo	크세요, 크셔요 keuseyo, keusyeoyo	크십니까 keusimnikka
	Past	크셨느냐 keusyeonneunya	크셨어 keusyeosseo	크셨어요 keusyeosseoyo	크셨습니까 keusyeotseumnikka
Imperative		크시라 keusira	크셔 keusyeo	크세요 keuseyo	크십시오 keusipsio
Assertive		크시겠다 keusigetda	크시겠어 keusigesseo	크시겠어요 keusigesseoyo	크시겠습니다 keusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		크셔 keusyeo	크셔서 keusyeoseo	크시니 keusini	크시니까 keusinikka
Contrast		크시지만 keusijiman	크시는데 keusineunde	크시더니 keusideoni
Conjunction		크시고 keusigo
Condition		크시면 keusimyeon	크셔야 keusyeoya
Motive		크시려고 keusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		크심 keusim	크시기 keusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		크셨음 keusyeosseum	크셨기 keusyeotgi
Determiners	Past	크신 keusin
	Present	크시는 keusineun
	Future	크실 keusil

See also

• 大 (dae), the hanja for largeness
• 太 (tae), another hanja for largeness

Middle Korean

Etymology

From Old Korean *hùkú; see the modern Korean 크다 (keuda) entry for more.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʰɨ́.tá/, [kʰɨ́.dá]

Verb

크〮다〮 (khútá) (infinitive 커〮, sequential 크〮니〮) (intransitive)

1. to grow, to get bigger; to be big

   Synonym: 하다〮 (hàtá)

   Antonym: 쟉〯다〮 (cyǎktá)

2. to become great; to be great

Usage notes

Typically used adjectivally in the past tense, i.e. "which has gotten bigger" > "which is big".

Conjugation

Selected conjugations of 크〮다〮 (khútá), Accentual class H
Note that the majority of the forms below are unattested for any one verb. Orthography and pitch accent assignment can vary between sources.
Selected plain sentence-final forms
	Declarative	Interrogative			Modulated declarative
		Polar question	Wh-word question	Second-person subject
Past	크〮다〮 (khútá) 크〮니라〮 (khúnìlá)	큰〮가〮 (khúnká) 크〮녀〮 (khúnyé)	큰〮고〮 (khúnkwó) 크〮뇨〮 (khúnyó)	큰〮다〮 (khúntá)	쿠〮라〮 (khwúlá)
Present	크〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (khúnòtá) 크〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (khúnónìlá)	크〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (khúnònká) 크〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (khúnònyé)	크〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (khúnònkwó) 크〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (khúnònyó)	크〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (khúnòntá)	크〮노라〮 (khúnwòlá)
Conjectural	크〮리라〮 (khúlìlá)	크ᇙ〮가〮 (khúlqká) 크〮려〮 (khúlyé)	크ᇙ〮고〮 (khúlqkwó) 크〮료〮 (khúlyó)	크ᇙ〮다〮 (khúlqtá)	쿠〮리라〮 (khwúlìlá)
Retrospective/ imperfective	크〮더라〮 (khútèlá) 크〮더〮니라〮 (khúténìlá)	크〮던가〮 (khútènká) 크〮더녀〮 (khútènyé)	크〮던고〮 (khútènkwó) 크〮더뇨〮 (khútènyó)	크〮던다〮 (khútèntá)	크〮다라〮 (khútàlá)
Promissive/Hortative		Imperative		Exclamatory/Emotive
쿠〮마〮 (khwúmá, promissive) 크〮져〮 (khúcyé, hortative)		크〮라〮 (khúlá, order) 크〮고라〮 (khúkwòlá, request)		큰〮뎌〮 (khúntyé), 클〮쎠〮 (khúlssyé) 크〮도다〮 (khútwòtá), 크〮돗다〮 (khútwòstá) 케〮라〮 (khéylá)
Selected highly deferential sentence-final forms
Past	크〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúngìtá) 크〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúníngìtá)	크〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (khúníngìská)	크〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (khúníngìskwó)	no separate forms	쿠〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khwúngìtá)
Present	크〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúnóngìtá) 크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúnòníngìtá)	크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (khúnòníngìská)	크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (khúnòníngìskwó)		크〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúnwóngìtá)
Conjectural	크〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúlíngìtá)	크〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (khúlíngìská)	크〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (khúlíngìskwó)		쿠〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khwúlíngìtá)
Promissive/Hortative		Imperative		Exclamatory/Emotive
쿠〮마〮 (khwúmá, promissive) 크〮사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsángìtá, hortative)		크〮쇼셔〮 (khúsyòsyé, order)		크〮도다〮 (khútwòtá), 크〮돗다〮 (khútwòstá) 케〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khéyngìtá)
Selected honorific declarative forms
	Past	Present	Conjectural	Retrospective/ imperfective	거 (-ke-) form
Plain subject-honoring	크〮시다〮 (khúsìtá) 크〮시〮니라〮 (khúsínìlá)	크〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (khúsínòtá) 크〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (khúsìnónìlá)	크〮시〮리라〮 (khúsílìlá)	크〮더〮시다〮 (khútésìtá) 크〮더시〮니라〮 (khútèsínìlá)	크〮거〮시다〮 (khúkésìtá) 크〮거시〮니라〮 (khúkèsínìlá)
Deferential subject-honoring	크〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsíngìtá) 크〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsìníngìtá)	크〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsìnóngìtá) 크〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsínòníngìtá)	크〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsílíngìtá)	크〮더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khútèsíngìtá) 크〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khútésìníngìtá)	크〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúkèsíngìtá) 크〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúkésìníngìtá)
Selected connective forms
Connective	Causative	Conditional/situating	Contrastive/concessive	Purposive/desiderative	Infinitive
크〮고〮 (khúkwó) 크〮며〮 (khúmyé) 크〮다가〮 (khútàká)	크〮니〮 (khúní) 크〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (khúkènól) 클〮ᄊᆡ〮 (khúlssóy, only in declarative) 크〮관ᄃᆡ〮 (khúkwàntóy, only in interrogative)	크〮면〮 (khúmyén) 크〮거든〮 (khúkètún) 큰〮대〮 (khúntáy) 크〮건댄〮 (khúkèntáyn)	크〮나〮 (khúná) 쿠〮ᄃᆡ〮 (khwútóy) 큰〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (khúntól) 크〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (khúkénmàlón)	쿠〮려〮 (khwúlyé) 크〮고져〮 (khúkwòcyé, desires own action) 크〮과뎌〮 (khúkwàtyé, desires other's action)	커〮 (khé)
Adnominal/gerundive forms
	Past	Present		Conjectural
Unmodulated non-honorific	큰〮 (khún)	크〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (khúnón)		크ᇙ〮 (khúlq)
Modulated non-honorific	쿤〮 (khwún)	크〮논〮 (khúnwón)		쿠ᇙ〮 (khwúlq)
Unmodulated subject-honoring	크〮신〮 (khúsín)	크〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (khúsìnón)		크〮시ᇙ〮 (khúsílq)
Substantive forms
Plain			Subject-honoring
쿰〮 (khwúm)			크〮샴〮 (khúsyám)

Descendants

• Korean: 크다 (keuda)