꺾다

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 거ᇧ다〮 (Yale: kèsk-tá). The initial consonant underwent spontaneous gemination in the eighteenth century, a phenomenon recurrent in the Modern stage of Korean and motivated by sound-symbolic effects.

The Old Korean ancestor is attested in the infinitive form as 折叱可 (*KEska) in the Heonhwa-ga, an eighth-century hyangga poem. While the nature of Old Korean orthography—where only the final phonemes of the verb stem are shown—makes an exact phonological transcription of this inflected verb impossible, the form demonstrates that the Old Korean word for "to snap" (equivalent to Chinese 折) also ended in *-sk or *-skV.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [k͈ʌ̹k̚t͈a̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [꺽따]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	kkeokda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	kkeokkda
McCune–Reischauer?	kkŏkta
Yale Romanization?	kkekkta

Verb

Korean verb set

Base	꺾다 (kkeokda)
Passive	꺾이다 (kkeokkida)

꺾다 • (kkeokda) (infinitive 꺾어, sequential 꺾으니)

1. (transitive) to snap, to pluck (e.g. a branch, a flower)

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 꺾다 (kkeokda): consonant-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	꺾는다 kkeongneunda	꺾어 kkeokkeo	꺾어요 kkeokkeoyo	꺾습니다 kkeokseumnida
	Past	꺾었다 kkeokkeotda	꺾었어 kkeokkeosseo	꺾었어요 kkeokkeosseoyo	꺾었습니다 kkeokkeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	꺾느냐 kkeongneunya	꺾어 kkeokkeo	꺾어요 kkeokkeoyo	꺾습니까 kkeokseumnikka
	Past	꺾었느냐 kkeokkeonneunya	꺾었어 kkeokkeosseo	꺾었어요 kkeokkeosseoyo	꺾었습니까 kkeokkeotseumnikka
Hortative		꺾자 kkeokja	꺾어 kkeokkeo	꺾어요 kkeokkeoyo	꺾으십시다 kkeokkeusipsida
Imperative		꺾어라 kkeokkeora	꺾어 kkeokkeo	꺾어요 kkeokkeoyo	꺾읍시오 kkeokkeupsio
Assertive		꺾겠다 kkeokgetda	꺾겠어 kkeokgesseo	꺾겠어요 kkeokgesseoyo	꺾겠습니다 kkeokgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		꺾어 kkeokkeo	꺾어서 kkeokkeoseo	꺾으니 kkeokkeuni	꺾으니까 kkeokkeunikka
Contrast		꺾지만 kkeokjiman	꺾는데 kkeongneunde	꺾더니 kkeokdeoni
Conjunction		꺾고 kkeokgo
Condition		꺾으면 kkeokkeumyeon	꺾어야 kkeokkeoya
Motive		꺾으려고 kkeokkeuryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		꺾음 kkeokkeum	꺾기 kkeokgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		꺾었음 kkeokkeosseum	꺾었기 kkeokkeotgi
Determiners	Past	꺾은 kkeokkeun
	Present	꺾는 kkeongneun
	Future	꺾을 kkeokkeul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	꺾으신다 kkeokkeusinda	꺾으셔 kkeokkeusyeo	꺾으세요, 꺾으셔요 kkeokkeuseyo, kkeokkeusyeoyo	꺾으십니다 kkeokkeusimnida
	Past	꺾으셨다 kkeokkeusyeotda	꺾으셨어 kkeokkeusyeosseo	꺾으셨어요 kkeokkeusyeosseoyo	꺾으셨습니다 kkeokkeusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	꺾으시느냐 kkeokkeusineunya	꺾으셔 kkeokkeusyeo	꺾으세요, 꺾으셔요 kkeokkeuseyo, kkeokkeusyeoyo	꺾으십니까 kkeokkeusimnikka
	Past	꺾으셨느냐 kkeokkeusyeonneunya	꺾으셨어 kkeokkeusyeosseo	꺾으셨어요 kkeokkeusyeosseoyo	꺾으셨습니까 kkeokkeusyeotseumnikka
Imperative		꺾으시라 kkeokkeusira	꺾으셔 kkeokkeusyeo	꺾으세요 kkeokkeuseyo	꺾으십시오 kkeokkeusipsio
Assertive		꺾으시겠다 kkeokkeusigetda	꺾으시겠어 kkeokkeusigesseo	꺾으시겠어요 kkeokkeusigesseoyo	꺾으시겠습니다 kkeokkeusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		꺾으셔 kkeokkeusyeo	꺾으셔서 kkeokkeusyeoseo	꺾으시니 kkeokkeusini	꺾으시니까 kkeokkeusinikka
Contrast		꺾으시지만 kkeokkeusijiman	꺾으시는데 kkeokkeusineunde	꺾으시더니 kkeokkeusideoni
Conjunction		꺾으시고 kkeokkeusigo
Condition		꺾으시면 kkeokkeusimyeon	꺾으셔야 kkeokkeusyeoya
Motive		꺾으시려고 kkeokkeusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		꺾으심 kkeokkeusim	꺾으시기 kkeokkeusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		꺾으셨음 kkeokkeusyeosseum	꺾으셨기 kkeokkeusyeotgi
Determiners	Past	꺾으신 kkeokkeusin
	Present	꺾으시는 kkeokkeusineun
	Future	꺾으실 kkeokkeusil