ꜥšꜣ

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Compare Proto-Semitic *ʕaśar- (“ten”).

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ʕiˈʃiʀ/ → /ʕiˈʃiʀ/ → /ʕaˈʃej/ → /ʕaˈʃej/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕiˈʃiʀ/ (infinitive)
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕiˈʃiʀ/ (infinitive)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaˈʃej/ (infinitive)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaˈʃej/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: asha

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to be(come) many or much, to be(come) numerous or abundant
2. (intransitive) to have many or much, to be(come) rich or abounding (+ m: in/with)
3. (intransitive) to be(come) of many kinds, varied, multifarious
4. (intransitive) to be(come) common, usual, ordinary
5. (intransitive) to happen often [Middle Kingdom]
6. (intransitive, Late Egyptian) to be(come) too much, to be(come) excessive

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜥšꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ꜥšꜣ, geminated stem: ꜥšꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜥšꜣ	ꜥšꜣw, ꜥšꜣ	ꜥšꜣt	ꜥšꜣ	ꜥšꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜥšꜣ	ḥr ꜥšꜣ	m ꜥšꜣ	r ꜥšꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	ꜥšꜣ.n	consecutive	ꜥšꜣ.jn
terminative	ꜥšꜣt
perfective3	ꜥšꜣ	obligative1	ꜥšꜣ.ḫr
imperfective	ꜥšꜣ
prospective3	ꜥšꜣ	potentialis1	ꜥšꜣ.kꜣ
subjunctive	ꜥšꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	ꜥšꜣ.n	—	—
perfective	ꜥšꜣ	ꜥšꜣ	ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣw5, ꜥšꜣy5
imperfective	ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣy, ꜥšꜣw5	ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣj6, ꜥšꜣy6	ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣw5
prospective	ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣtj7	ꜥšꜣtj4, ꜥšꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥšꜣ  

ꜥšꜣ	ꜥšꜣ	ꜥšꜣ	ꜥšꜣ	ꜥšꜣ	ꜥšꜣ
[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]

Derived terms

• ꜥšꜣ-r
• ꜥšꜣt
• sꜥšꜣ

Descendants

• Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁϣⲉⲓ (ašei)
• Bohairic Coptic: ⲁϣⲁⲓ (ašai)
• Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁϣⲉⲉⲓ (ašeei), ⲁϣⲉⲓ (ašei)
• Old Coptic: ⲁϣⲏⲉⲓ (ašēei)
• Sahidic Coptic: ⲁϣⲁⲓ (ašai)

Adjective

1. perfective active participle of ꜥšꜣ: many, numerous

Inflection

Declension of ꜥšꜣ (perfective active participle)

	masculine	feminine
singular	ꜥšꜣ	ꜥšꜣt
dual	ꜥšꜣwj	ꜥšꜣtj
plural	ꜥšꜣw	ꜥšꜣwt1, ꜥšꜣt2
Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun. From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural. In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.

Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

Noun

 m

1. multitude
2. quantity, number
3. great extent or degree

Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

Adverb

1. often, many times
2. very

Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: asha

Noun

 m

1. lizard

Inflection

Declension of ꜥšꜣ (masculine)

singular	ꜥšꜣ
dual	ꜥšꜣwj
plural	ꜥšꜣw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥšꜣ  

ꜥšꜣ

See also

• 𓆈

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 228.8–229.4
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 49
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 95, 458.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 54