ꜥš

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕoːʃ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaːʃ/ (infinitive)
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaːʃ/ (infinitive)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaːʃ/ (infinitive)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕoːʃ/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃ/
  • Conventional anglicization: ash

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive with n or r or transitive) to summon (someone), to call (someone) over
2. (intransitive, with n or r) to call out to (someone)
3. (intransitive, with n or r) to call on (a god) for aid, to invoke
4. (transitive, Late Egyptian) to specify, to provide (a name), to name names
5. (transitive, Late Egyptian) to read (something) aloud [since the 19th Dynasty]

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜥš (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜥš, geminated stem: ꜥšš

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural ꜥš ꜥšw, ꜥš ꜥšt ꜥš, j.ꜥš ꜥš, j.ꜥš ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 ꜥš ḥr ꜥš m ꜥš r ꜥš suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect ꜥš.n ꜥšw, ꜥš consecutive ꜥš.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative ꜥšt perfective3 ꜥš active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 ꜥš.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective ꜥš, j.ꜥš1 active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 ꜥš ꜥšš potentialis1 ꜥš.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive ꜥš, j.ꜥš1 active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect ꜥš.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective ꜥš active + .tj1, .tw2 ꜥš ꜥšš, ꜥššj6, ꜥš2, ꜥšw2 5, ꜥšy2 5 imperfective j.ꜥš1, ꜥš, ꜥšy, ꜥšw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 j.ꜥš1, j.ꜥšw1 5, ꜥš, ꜥšj6, ꜥšy6 ꜥš, ꜥšw5 prospective ꜥš, ꜥštj7 — ꜥštj4, ꜥšt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Allen considers the form jꜣš a Middle Kingdom development, with the ayin having become a glottal stop; however, this is in fact the earlier attested variant, and all writings until the 18th Dynasty have ꜣ either instead of or (less commonly) alongside ꜥ. The word only became common in the New Kingdom, however, so that the later renderings as ꜥš are by far the more common variants.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš  

jꜣš	jꜣꜥš	jꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥw
[Middle Kingdom]	[18th to 20th Dynasty]	[19th Dynasty]	[New Kingdom]	[22nd Dynasty]	[Greco-Roman Period]

Derived terms

• ꜥš ḥꜣt

Descendants

• Demotic: ꜥš
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)

Noun

 m

1. call, summons

Inflection

Declension of ꜥš (masculine)

singular	ꜥš
dual	ꜥšwj
plural	ꜥšw

Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

Derived terms

• mj ꜥš wꜥ
• sḏm ꜥš

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃ/
  • Conventional anglicization: ash

Noun

 m

1. a kind of coniferous tree whose wood and resin were used medicinally, traditionally rendered as ‘cedar’, likely the Cilician fir (Abies cilicica) [since the Old Kingdom]
2. the wood of this tree

Inflection

Declension of ꜥš (masculine)

singular	ꜥš
dual	ꜥšwj
plural	ꜥšw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš  

ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥw
[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Greco-Roman Period]
					abbreviation	abbreviation, in hieratic

Noun

 m

1. the resin of the ꜥš-tree

   Synonym: sfṯ

Derived terms

• ḥꜣt-ꜥš
• ḥꜣt nt ꜥš

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃ/
  • Conventional anglicization: ash

Noun

 m

1. (Late Egyptian) beer jug

Inflection

Declension of ꜥš (masculine)

singular	ꜥš
dual	ꜥšwj
plural	ꜥšw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš  

ꜥšw

References

• “ꜥš (lemma ID 40890)”, “ꜥš (lemma ID 40900)”, “ꜥš (lemma ID 40940)”, “ꜥš (lemma ID 450173)”, and “ꜥš (lemma ID 40950)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 33, 227.4–227.15, 228.1–228.7
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 8–9, 11, 48–49
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 182, 258, 362.
• Kapiec, Katarzyna (2018) “The Sacred Scents: Examining the Connection Between the ꜥntjw and sfṯ in the Context of the Early Eighteenth Dynasty Temples” in Études et Travaux XXXI, pages 195–217