軽んずる
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Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 軽 |
| かろ Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 輕んずる (kyūjitai) |
Etymology
[edit]Regular shift in conjugation from Classical Japanese verb 軽んず (karonzu), a phonetic shift from Classical Japanese 軽みす (karomi su),[1][2][3][4] from 軽 (karo, stem of adjective 軽い (karoi, “light”), a mid-Heian period alternative form of 軽い (karui)[2]) + み (-mi) + す (su, “to do”),[5] where みす (-mi su) was a grammaticalised pattern meaning “treat (noun) as (adjective); find (noun) (adjective)”.[5] Literally, “to treat as light”. Compare the kango (漢語) 軽視 (keishi, “disdain, neglect”), from 軽 (“light (adjective)”) + 視 (“to see”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]軽んずる • (karonzuru) transitive suru (stem 軽んじ (karonji), past 軽んじた (karonjita))
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "軽んずる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 軽んじ 軽んぜ |
かろんじ かろんぜ |
karonji karonze | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 軽んじ | かろんじ | karonji | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 軽んずる | かろんずる | karonzuru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 軽んずる | かろんずる | karonzuru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 軽んずれ | かろんずれ | karonzure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 軽んぜよ¹ 軽んじろ² |
かろんぜよ¹ かろんじろ² |
karonzeyo¹ karonjiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 軽んじられる 軽んぜられる |
かろんじられる かろんぜられる |
karonjirareru karonzerareru | |
| Causative | 軽んじさせる 軽んじさす |
かろんじさせる かろんじさす |
karonjisaseru karonjisasu | |
| Potential | 軽んじられる 軽んぜられる |
かろんじられる かろんぜられる |
karonjirareru karonzerareru | |
| Volitional | 軽んじよう | かろんじよう | karonjiyō | |
| Negative | 軽んじない | かろんじない | karonjinai | |
| Negative continuative | 軽んぜず | かろんぜず | karonzezu | |
| Formal | 軽んじます | かろんじます | karonjimasu | |
| Perfective | 軽んじた | かろんじた | karonjita | |
| Conjunctive | 軽んじて | かろんじて | karonjite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 軽んずれば | かろんずれば | karonzureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
Synonyms
[edit]- 軽視する (keishi suru)
Antonyms
[edit]- 重んずる (omonzuru)
Derived terms
[edit]- 軽んじる (karonjiru)
References
[edit]- ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010) A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge University Press, New York, →ISBN, page 87
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN